Communication Facilities for Disaster Management Essay

Ham Radio Ham Radio is also know as Amateur radio.It is a community of people that use radio transmitters and receivers to communicate with other Amateur radio operators. If you were to ask a dozen different amateurs what ham radio meant to them chances are you would get 12 different answers. Amateur radio operators are often called ham radio operators or simply â€Å"hams† and frequently the public is more familiar with this term than with the legal term Radio Amateur. The source of this nickname is for all practical purposes lost from the beginning. read more Communication is a major bottleneck in case of any major disaster particularly when the traditional network system already in force brake down. In order to strengthen communications, it has been decided that police network (POLNET) will also be used for disaster management. For this purpose POLNET communication facility will be extended to District Magistrates, Sub Divisional Magistrates as well as the Control Rooms. For emergency communication, mobile satellite based units which can be transported to the site of the disaster are being procured. A group was constituted to draw a comprehensive communication plan for disaster management and the report has since been received. This provides for a dedicated communication system for disaster management with built in redundancies. Besides the satellite, communication and education can play a proactive role in mitigation through awareness about the types of disaster and as to how prevention measures can be taken up. There is also a Satellite based communication system called the Cyclone Warning Dissemination Systems (CWDS) for transmission of warnings. There are 250 such cyclone-warning sets installed in the cylone prone areas of east and west coast. The general public, the coastal residents and fishermen, are also warned through the Government mechinery and broadcast of warnings through AIR and Television. What agencies need to be involved ? Police Fire Ambulance Hospitals Clinics Doctors Red Cross Blood Banks Marine operations (are there bodies of water?) Coast guard Department of transportation Departments of environment (if there is clean-up involved) Airlines Rail companies Local transit companies Bus companies (in case of evacuation) Border services – if applicable The use of satellite, computers, electronics, better communication facilities are going to make significant difference in disaster management. The data processing and computers are providing a useful tool in decision making in disaster. When the disaster strikes, power goes out, all modes of communication (Telephone etc.) becomes inoperable, lifts stop functioning, when drinking water becomes contaminated, when normal modes of transportation suddenly becomes impossible, when casualties start coming in groups that is not the time for planning but that is the time of acting. SOME OF THE MAJOR DISASTER EVENTS IN INDIA Year Place Of Disasters in India Casualties Reported 1737 Earthquake Calcutta, India 3,00,000 1961 Floods India 1,000 1977 Cyclone Andhra Pradesh, India 10,000 1979 Flash Flood Gujrat, India 2,500 1984 Chemical Disaster Bhopal, India 2,500 1988 Train Accident Quilon, India (Injured) 300(500) 1988 Air Crash Ahmedabad, India 135 1993 13 Bomb Blasts In Mumbai, India. 250 1998 Train Accident Khanna, Pusa, India. 211 2001 Earthquake Bhuj Gujrat, India. 10,000 2003 Frontier Mail Fire Ludhiyana, Punjab, India 36 (14) 2003 2 Bomb Blasts In Mumbai, India. 45 2003 Cloud Burst Himanchal Pradesh, India. 41 2003 Stampede At Kumbh, Nasik, India. 35 (75) 2002 Terrorist’s Attack Kaluchak, Jammu. 23 2003 Terrorist’s Attack on Railway Station, Jammu 20 2004 Terrorist’s Attack on Railway Station, Jammu. 08 Communication facilities for disaster management system is most important act as it convey at the right time communication in disaster, it may handle disaster and helping to decrease it. Two type of information needs in disaster management Pre disaster information: Question arise that how to get pre disaster information? It is getting from the research and analysis department of the geography in the country. Post disaster information: After the disaster, our first job is to find out where and where it was occurs. What is the next step to help people? Now a days Satellite communication play a major role in disaster management communication. Communication facilities can be set up for rescue and relief operation purposes. That type of early warning system developed at the different area’s by itself. Here are the disaster communication facilities: DCWDS Digital Cyclone Warning Dissemination System set at Delhi and other coast area. It is for the pre disaster information. The WLL – VSAT system is in terms of handsets which can be easily taken inside of the affected areas and sends information by direct audio communication. The MSS Type C reporting terminal developed for the sending short messages directly through satellite in remote area. AES-SNG is a system which can send video pictures of the affected area for online review from the control center. Tele medicine: It is one more step for the disaster management communication. In this system, on line help can be provided from the hospital and super specialty doctors. Only connect up link to laptop or PC and get the online information about cure. Set up of a communications centre – who needs access and how would it operate (generators, supplies in case people need to staymore than 12 hours, etc). Resources : Ham Radio.pdf Satellite communication.pdf Disaster Management.pdf Disaster Management Satellite System Development.pdf Pocket Guide on First Aid http://www.icbse.com/projects/communication-facilities-disaster-management

EasyJet Airline Company Limited Essay

EasyJet Airline Company Limited (easyJet) is a low-fare airline company based at London Luton Airport. easyJet is one of Europe’s largest low-fare airlines and operates domestic and international scheduled services. easyJet flies on 307 different routes to 80 different European cities. easyJet has a Type A Operating License from the United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority allowing it to carry passengers, cargo, and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats. (Wikipedia, 2007) EasyJet’s business model and communication plan mimics that of the American based Southwest Airlines which has aided easyJet’s growth over the last ten years. asyJet was founded by Stelios Haji-loannou on October 18, 1995 and began operating on November 10, 1995 with two Boeing737-200 aircraft leased from the Independent Aviation Group Limited. In the beginning easyJet only flew from London Luton Airport to Glasgow and Edinburgh. In 1998, easyJet purchased a 40% stake in TEA Switzerland. By 1999, easyJet had over three million passengers and was traded on the London Stock Exchange in October 2000. In 2002, easyJet acquired Go Fly, a London based airline, and in December 2003 easyJet opened a new hub in Berlin, Germany at Schonefeld Airport. In May 2004 easyJet increased its service from two routes to eleven routes. In 2004, FL Group began purchasing stock in easyJet and a rumor of a takeover ensued. However, by 2006 FL Group sold its shares in easyJet and the takeover never occurred. In November 2005, easyJet CEO Ray Webster stepped down and was replaced by Andy Harrison. Under the leadership of Andy Harrison, easyJet expanded its fleet to 122 aircrafts, 262 routes, and 74 airports in 21 countries. In 2007, easyJet reported carrying over 37 million passengers. asyJet’s success can be attributed in large part due to its website and internet presence. Between 1995 and 1997 easyJet reservations could be made only via the telephone. Travel agents would not book easyJet reservations because they would not receive a commission. In 1997, easyJet developed a website in order to take reservations, and bookings skyrocketed by over 98% in 7 years. â€Å"Easy† Brand The communications culture of easyJet begins with the founder, Stelios Haji-loannou. easyJet and the â€Å"easy† brand are two separate entities. asyJet is owned by EasyJet Airline Company Limited whose largest shareholder is Haji-loannou. Haji-loannou is also the sole owner of the â€Å"easy. † Haji-loannou licenses his â€Å"easy† brand to his airline as well as to other easyGroup corporations. easyGroup corporations pay a fee to Haji-loannou for the use of the name. However, easyJet does not have to pay to use the â€Å"easy† brand name. This arrangement and communication style is important because if a company tries to initiate any type of hostile takeover, the â€Å"easy† brand would be protected. This arrangement displays the type of protection, culture, and loyalty Haji-loannou has in his company. Southwest Airlines easyJet has developed its culture of communication to mimic that of American based Southwest Airlines. Both easyJet and Southwest Airlines are low-fare airlines. Southwest Airlines is the largest airline in the United States and the second largest airline in the World by number of passengers carried (Wikipedia, 2007). Southwest began its operations in 1967 and flew to three cities. In the early 1970s, Southwest faced some financial turmoil. Similar to the issues faced by easyJet, Southwest was searching for a way for consumers to book low fare flights directly with the airline. In 1995, Southwest launched its website allowing consumers to book flights directly without the use of a travel agent. Southwest maintains its personal communications with its consumers by only allowing its tickets to be sold on its website and not through any sort of travel agent or travel site. Southwest also allows customers to change reservations without additional costs, however it does not allow passengers same day standby travel on a different flight without paying for an upgrade. While this may seem harsh to those passengers who need a standby ticket, it drastically reduces the number of passengers who lose their seats due to standby passengers. Another feature Southwest offers its passengers is to allow them to bring three pieces of luggage to check in instead of two like most airlines. Even though the aircrafts that Southwest operates are not as comfortable as other airlines, the additional amenities and low-fares have paid off. The United States Department of Transportation ranked Southwest Airlines as the number one passenger preferred airline for 2006. Chairman and CEO of Southwest Airlines, Herb Kelleher believes it’s as simple as seeking out exceptional employees, treating them with respect, and giving them the latitude and encouragement necessary to do their jobs better than anyone knew possible (Stodder, 1997). Excellent communication with customers starts at the executive level and from within the corporate culture. If communication is effective within a corporation that culture of communication can be handed down to the customer. Execution of a Communication Strategy  By following Southwest Airline’s example, easyJet has employed a solid communications strategy with its customers. The majority of businesses in the world today neglect The People Process (Bossidy and Charan 141). In their book, Execution, Larry Bossidy and Ram Charan discuss how to create a strategy of execution in order to create a successful business that focuses on the people and having the right people in the right places. A robust people process does three things. It evaluates individuals accurately and in depth. It provides a framework for identifying and developing the leadership talent-at all levels and of all kinds-the organization will need to execute its strategies down the road. And it fills the leadership pipeline that’s the basis for a strong succession plan (Bossidy and Charan 141). In order to develop a successful communications strategy, a good leader needs to consider the people/employees who will have to execute this strategy. easyJet takes reservations directly from its consumers via its website. When hiring employees, easyJet must ensure that these employees have the skills necessary to work within this type of communication culture. Every easyJet employee needs to be aware of the communication culture and strategy maintained by the corporation in order to deliver that same style of communication to the customer. Rewards and Recognitions Due to easyJet’s communication culture and strategy it is one of the most frequently cited examples of a mainstream company which has exploited the shift from multi-layer distribution to direct business to consumer transactions. easyJet is a forward thinking corporation and as such launched its direct to consumer website prior to the mass adoption of the Internet. This marketing strategy catapulted easyJet into a top market position in its industry. In June 2006, easyJet’s website was awarded the Best Airline Website Award by TravelMole Web Awards beating out rivals including British Airways. The judges stated that the website was user-friendly and pleasing to the eye. Innovation and Future Growth Even though the airline industry has experienced a decline, low-fare airlines have created a new growth market. easyJet has an extensive opportunity to continue growing within this growth market. There are four main types of innovations for growth markets: Disruptive innovation, application innovation, product innovation, and platform innovation (Moore 74) In order for easyJet to maintain its market position, it must introduce one of these methods of innovation or it will fail to keep up with the rest of the industry. Disruptive Innovation correlates with the early market phase of the technology-adoption life cycle (Moore 74). The low-fare airline industry has been around for a long time, but new technologies and global affairs have paved the way for a new type of market within this industry. There are two types of disruptive innovations: one that favors complex-systems models and one that favors volume operations (Moore 75). Like its American mentor, Southwest Airlines, easyJet should focus on economizing on every process and function of running a successful airline. Southwest Airlines redesigned its corporation and gained market capitalization that is equal to the sum of all of its competitors combined (Moore 80). easyJet needs to analyze its employee compensation, pricing, reservation procedures, equipment, and airport selection to ensure that it can keep up with future changes and growth within its market. asyJet has already started the process of innovation by hiring Site Confidence to monitor its website. According to an article published by M2 Presswire in September 2006 The 24/7 monitoring service will ensure that easyJet customers can book tickets without the threat of downtime, outages or slow download speeds. This new system has produced results for easyJet. According to Airline Industry Information easyJet reported an 11. 2% increase in passenger numbers for November 2006 as compared to November 2005. Obstacles easyJet Has Had to Overcome asyJet faced an obstacle in 2006 by not abiding by EU-Law 261/2004 which states that passengers had the right to be reimbursed for the price of their tickets within one week due to airline cancellation. easyJet had difficulty refunding the tickets within the one week period. Effective communication by easyJet kept passengers at ease in the long run, and the passenger numbers continued to climb despite this obstacle. easyJet, although not the first low-fare airline or the first largest low-fare airline in Europe, paved the way for the boom in lo w-fare air travel at the turn of the century. Due to this high stake in market share, easyJet has been accused of contributing to global warming through the high carbon emissions of their aircrafts. The European Low Fares Airline Association has teamed with easyJet and other low fare airlines to argue that these airlines operate more fuel-efficient aircraft than most full service airlines, and that the point to point services offered by these low-fare airlines also use less fuel. However, the low-fares offered by these airlines have caused an increase in air traffic which has resulted in a negative effect on the environment. asyJet and other low-fare airlines have a policy of only operating new aircraft that produce lower emissions and are more environmentally friendly (with the exception of easyJet’s initial two aircraft). In order to overcome this obstacle, easyJet has been communicating with aircraft manufacturers to design more eco-friendly aircraft, and has even unveiled their own eco-friendly aircraft design. Future Eco-Friendly Aircrafts Across the globe nations are concerned with developing renewable energy sources that are more environmentally friendly. easyJet is no exception. As easyJet forges ahead into the new millennium, it will face having to replace or redesign its current fleet to be eco-friendly. According to Flight Daily News, Harrison is continuing to push Airbus and Boeing to produce eco-friendly aircrafts. easyJet has unveiled its own design for an eco-friendly aircraft that utilizes existing technologies that could halve carbon dioxide emissions and produce 75% less NOx by 2015. Biofuel technology has been proposed as a current solution, but Harrison expressed his doubts about the use of biofuel technology at the World Low Cost Airlines Congress (Kaminski-Morrow, 2007). The Alternative Fuels And Biofuels for Aircraft Development (Alfa-bird) project will investigate the economical performance and industrial consequences of switching from today’s kerosene-based fuels to biofuels and other alternatives. Based on the results a strategy for these fuels will be defined along with an implementation plan. Due to issues with biomass supply for biofuels, synthetic fuels are probably a better solution, the consortium’s proposal papers state. Current jet engine fuel efficiency is viewed as â€Å"near-optimal†, while air traffic is increasing at a rate of 4% a year, leading to any future efficiency-related fuel savings being consumed by the growth, the consortium says (Coppinger, 2007). Harrison agrees that biofuels are not an optimal alternative at this point, but did state that he is not against biofuel technology (Kaminski-Morrow, 2007). Developing eco-friendly aircrafts will be an obstacle that easyJet will have to overcome, as well as trying to replace their current fleet. EasyJet needs to work in conjunction with Alfa-bird in order to develop these new technologies and maintain their market position in the future. However, during this initial phase of development, easyJet and Harrison need to remember to utilize the communication style they utilize with their customers, be available and simple to understand and use. Dismissing any sort of proper communication while developing new technologies can change a corporation’s communication culture very quickly, even though it does not directly relate to communications with the customer. Developing a Communications Strategy In order to develop a communications strategy that can be integrated into the strategic planning process for the corporation, easyJet must decide what type of strategy to use. There are ten different types of strategy development (Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, Lampel, 1998): 1) The Design School; 2) The Planning School; 3) The Positioning School; 4) The Entrepreneurial School; 5) The Cognitive School; 6) The Learning School; 7) The Power School; 8) The Cultural School; 9) The Environmental School; and 10) The Configuration School. asyJet needs build on its current communications strategy by applying principles from the Design School, the Planning School, and the Configuration School. The Design School utilizes a step by step model for strategic communications planning. To begin the communications planning process, easyJet must do an internal and external appraisal in the form of a SWOT Analysis. A SWOT Analysis lists the internal strengths and weaknesses, and the external opportunities and threats of a corporation. Based on the SWOT Analysis, easyJet can determine the corporation’s distinctive competencies and key success factors. This information is used to formulate the communication strategy. The sole architect for the strategic plan, according to the Design School, is the Chief Executive Officer (CEO). Harrison must approve the final communication strategy, but should receive input from the strategic planning team. By developing the communication strategy as a team, easyJet will also use aspects of the Planning School. The Planning School adopts the majority of the premises from the Design School. The Planning School uses an internal and external audit stage, which consists of a SWOT Analysis. The CEO gives the final approval for the communications strategy; however, he is not the sole architect. The Planning School provides for a team of strategists to develop the communications strategy. According to the Design School, in order to evaluate and choose the most effective and efficient communications strategy, the following framework should be used. This framework was developed by Dr. Richard Rumelt, DBA from the Harvard General Management group and professor at UCLA School of Management. The evaluation process, according to Rumelt, consists of a series of tests (explained in the form of questions). Is the communications strategy consistent with the goals and policies of the corporation? Does the communications strategy adapt to the external environment? Does the communications strategy provide for a competitive advantage? Does the communications strategy overuse available resources or create unsolvable problems? The last step in the communications strategy planning process, within the Design School, is to implement the plan. Implementation of the communications strategy will include educating the managers involved as well as the employees of the plan’s details. The plan should be simple and informal, just like the process of developing it. Managers and employees should be given a step by step guide on how to implement the strategy. The Planning School differs from the Design School in that it implements a formal step by step process for executing the plan. easyJet following the Planning School model should schedule each step of implementation by a specific date. In order to develop a communications strategy that can adapt to the global economy easyJet should also incorporate the six main premises of the Configuration School. The key ingredient is for the corporation to â€Å"sustain stability or at least adaptable strategic change most of the time, but periodically recognize the need for transformation and be able to manage that disruptive process without destroying the organization. † easyJet must be cautious not to incorporate the Power School into its communications strategy so much so that it allows a political agenda to override the main goals and vision of the corporation. Harrison must not allow the communications strategy planning process to become a process of bargaining and compromise among conflicting political groups and individuals. Utilizing this school of thought in planning a communications strategy can alienate customers and bring about undesired conflict. easyJet must remain cognoscente of the environmental concerns its customers may have regarding its aircraft. However, pushing an unwanted political agenda can drive customers away. Recommendations and Conclusions easyJet started off in the airline industry slow, but by adopting Southwest Airline’s model of communication, easyJet was able to become the market leader in low cost air fare in Europe. In order to keep up with technology, easyJet developed a website allowing customers to book reservations directly from the company without having to use a travel agent or pay a commission to a travel agent. To maintain that website easyJet hired European based Site Confidence to provide 24/7 support which resulted in an 11. 2% gain in passenger numbers a month later. Each of these strategies has allowed easyJet to forge ahead and stay one step in front of their competition. In order to remain a front runner in the market, easyJet must continue to utilize its communication style with customers, employees, suppliers, and political leaders. When developing a communications strategy for the future, easyJet must complete and internal and external appraisal in order to tailor the plan to the current trends and the desires of its customers. easyJet should develop a strategic planning team to develop a communications strategy and implement an employee educational program. If easyJet’s employees are unaware of its communication strategy and culture, its customers will also be unaware of its communications strategy and culture. asyJet should continue to invest in research and development for new eco-friendly technologies as well as encourage its aircraft suppliers to follow suit. However, Harrison must remember to utilize the communication culture of the corporation at all times as a representative of easyJet and not let the Power School of planning dictate easyJet’s communications strategy. If easyJet can maintain and improve its current communications strategy then passengers will continue to want to â€Å"com e fly with us. †

Behaviorist Models and Methods of Terrorism Essay

Behaviorist Models and Methods of Terrorism - Essay Example Most seem to share a feature of a psychological condition known as the anti-social personality disorder or psychopathic personality disorder, which is an absence of empathy for the suffering of others – they don’t feel other people’s pain. However, they do not appear unstable or mentally ill. Someone who is mentally ill may want to commit an act of terror, but as most terrorism requires cooperating with others, this makes it less likely that a mentally ill person will actually carry out such an act because of the difficulty they have in working with others. Terror groups usually dislike or distrust those who wish to join them, who appear to be unstable. â€Å"It is very rare to find a terrorist who suffers from a clinically defined ‘personality disorder’ or who could in any other way be regarded as mentally ill or psychologically deviant† (Silke, 1998). It is not a coincidence that many terrorists come from places where peace is not the norm; places like the Middle East or Northern Ireland, where all the present generation of young people have known is regular, extreme, well-publicised violence. Violence could be the norm for such young people, whether it is on a wide scale or within a smaller community or family. It may come to be considered the normal response to achieve objectives. The process of becoming a terrorist is primarily an issue of socialization. The move from being disaffected to becoming an active terrorist is usually precipitated by a catalyst† (Silke, 2001). Most sociologists believe in nurture not nature and see terrorists as driven by political ideology and political grievances. Terrorists are often the products of overly permissive, wealthy families with whom they were in conflict, had inconsistent mothering or were isolated from others.

Pearl Harbor and the Coming of the Pacific War Research Paper

Pearl Harbor and the Coming of the Pacific War - Research Paper Example The book has been divided into two parts. In the first part, Akira has included some important documents associated with the Pacific war, whereas, the second part of the book contains different essays written by prominent scholars and political experts. These essays present the perspective of different countries regarding the situation prevailed during that era. The book opens with an introductory essay. In this essay, the author have presented an analytical summary of the events took place before and during the Pacific war and attempted to uncover the leading factors that functioned to wreck the relations between Asian and European countries and ultimately became the base for the attack on Pearl Harbour. The introductory essay explains the convoluted issues behind the incident of Pearl Harbour in international context. The author elucidates the importance of the incident and its impacts upon the world history. He also identify the countries that played major role during that time an d explains that the war engaged US, Europe, Japan and China fighting with each others for many years. The essay provides sufficient information as well as analysis regarding the issue that is well summarized and well presented by Akira in the beginning essay. It become clear that how two different conflicts enduring in Europe and Pacific were merged together and took the shape of a solitary global conflict. The introductory essay is followed by the first major part of the book that contains some relevant and important documents.

Engaging with Vulnerable People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Engaging with Vulnerable People - Essay Example I will also investigate through the professional values with reference to the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC)’s Code of Professional Conduct with regard to the care provided to Miss. Jaya. This essay will find out whether the staff had given respect while maintaining the patient’s dignity and self-respect. The anti discriminatory practice concerns in the case study are explained in the essay while analyzing how these elements affect providing care. A personal perspective about the issue and lessons obtained from the assignment is added in the conclusion. The Concept of Vulnerability The concept of vulnerability has been widely used to explain a situation in which the physical as well as the mental well-being needed for a normal productive life is impaired and at continuous risk (‘The concept of vulnerability’, n.d.). In simple terms of general usage, vulnerability can be denoted as the state of being exposed to hazards, risks, and stresses. When it come s to health-related vulnerability, poor health grade causes the entry into the condition of vulnerability. The vulnerability in the health care system is affected with the people and society in the form mortality, morbidity, and more commonly in various forms of social deprivation. The concept of vulnerability itself is evident in the perception of health risk, and has always been affecting the public health systems. In each country, the state of vulnerability depends on the level of development and stages of health transition. Even when there are certain patterns, certain population sections of society are highly exposed to the health hazards and poorest quality of life. The group extremely exposed to vulnerability is women, under the categories of women in rural areas, abandoned old women, and teenage mothers. Such identification and categorization of the highly vulnerable group has facilitated the investigators to conceptualize health care as multi-sectored service. The Royal Col lege of Nursing (Cited by Dyson, 2007) suggests that while taking care of the old people, the nurses should realise the multi-ethnic backgrounds of the patient, which can greatly influence the quality of care; assessment and evaluation of care in a rage of acute care setting will help in developing and promoting fair and anti-discriminatory healthcare practice. The strategies must be formulated at the local level as well as the national level, in order to tackle down the vulnerability towards women, especially towards the aged women. At the same time, policy formulation intended to eradicate vulnerability must not end up in creating new forms of vulnerability against the existing ones. Each nurse, regardless of their practise and service is expected to adhere to the NMC codes of conduct as well as to its recommendation and guidelines, in order to promote a safe environment for clients and others. Nurses are ought to preserve the patient’s safety, and this practise can be cons idered to be the base for behaviour and code of conduct. Patients under the care of a nurse, like Miss. Jaya in the case study who was admitted in the ward under the care of nurse, are vulnerable by virtue of illness, injury, and more of dependent nature and undesired incidents. And such incidents create an unequal influence base within the nurse-patient relationship.

Enviornmental Biotechnology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Enviornmental Biotechnology - Research Paper Example The contamination of drinking water by these compounds is a major concern, and has led to the development of water treatment strategies aimed at their removal. The EDCs have been implicated in disorders of the neuroendocrine system, specifically on the hypothalamic neurotransmitter system, size of specific hypothalamic region, and the numbers of cells expressing the estrogen receptor ÃŽ ² . Certain chemical groups can disrupt and mimic reproductive hormones of fish, resulting in feminisation and premature egg yolk production in fish. Aside from effects on the reproductive system, these disrupters of hormonal activity have also been related to the prevalence of obesity and lately, schizophrenia. Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a freshwater algal toxin that is produced certain cyanobacterial species. The strains producing CYN are widely distributed in different regions of the world. These are Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Umezakia natans and Aphanizomenon ovalisporum. Cylindrospermopsin is a tricyclic alkaloid with a tricyclic guanidine moiety combined with hydroxymethyluracil. It is considered a globally important freshwater algal toxin. The tolerable daily limit for cylindrospermin is 0.02 g/kg body weight/day (2) . Ingestion of CYN can result in liver and kidney damage with bloody diarrhea and urine (2). Several methods have been developed for the detection of CYN (3). CYN has has a maximum UV absorbance at 262 nm, and an easily identifiable peak. The first screening method for CYN used reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with photo diode array detection.Later HLPC-mass spectrometry with electrospray increased the detection limit to 200 ÃŽ ¼g L-1. With tandem mass spectrometry, 1 Â µg of CYB can be detected. The techniques used earlier were quite expensive and the development of polymerase chain reaction amplification systems were developed so with

Information Systems Components PowerPoint Presentation

Information Systems Components - PowerPoint Presentation Example At the core of proper information management is the collection process. Collecting information includes all the activities that pertain to the gathering of the information from its source. In the London Olympics, much information will have to be gathered from thousands of places in order to be analyzed and translated. The collection process has to be done exhaustively and unobtrusively in order to ensure that nothing important is left behind. In this regard, proper information gathering techniques have to be used in order to obtain quality information from the fields and other sources. Such techniques should not have any loopholes that can lead to some information being lost or distorted during the collection process. Good information management for the Olympics will require that information is normalized in order to create a sense of uniformity and conformity for the organizers. In this regard, it is important to use advanced computer software that can effectively normalize the larg e volumes of information that will have to be dealt with in the process. The organizers should therefore ensure that they use proper computerized information management systems that will ensure that the whole event is devoid of any mishaps that can occur in such instances. It has to be realized that if the wrong information is gathered from the ground, chaos will begin to erupt in the games. It is therefore important that information gathered has to be confirmed and counterchecked in order to ensure that no distortion has occurred in the collection process. The information gathered from the field will normally be at its raw state. In order to make it presentable and easily understood by the millions of people across the world that would be waiting, it is important that the information is properly analyzed. The raw data can be analyzed through the use of various methods. In this regard, the analysis of the information has to be highly computerized in order to effectively address the large volumes of information that would be available. It is also important that the information system to be used to has a good backup process in order to take care of any eventuality. While many people across the world would eagerly be waiting to receive updated information on the various events on progress in London, the organizers have the important duty of ensuring that this flow of information occurs without any interruption or hiccups. In order to ensure that nothing is taken for granted, it is necessary that the organizers of the London Olympics to regularly conduct database checkups in order to ensure the functionality of the information systems and to ensure that everything progresses as planned. Since the data gathering process is expected to be top notch, it is also important to ensure that the data quality strategy is regularly checked and enhanced. This would be greatly important considering that the data obtained from the event will have to be kept and used for several years to come. In order to ensure that only the appropriate information is gathered and relayed across, it is necessary to track the deliverability of the information across the whole system. Quality information can only be obtained if it is tracked across the movement in order to ensur

Conducting a Physical Assessment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Conducting a Physical Assessment - Research Paper Example ystem consists mainly of his new-found friends at the same seniors facility, including those much older than him and who may have slightly different viewpoints on life and on other more important matters. His attitude is generally positive, looking to enjoy the rest of his life in a quiet manner. In this portion of the paper, the client is assessed based on a variety of factors which can affect his physical, emotional and mental health, either positively or negatively. Each factor is a reflection of how this factor impacts on a person throughout a certain period in his life. Two social factors – the first is making new friends at the seniors facility, which is quite a positive impact and the other factor is engagement in various leisure activities such as playing games of bowling or chess. Bowling is a relatively mild physical activity, while chess stimulates the brain and helps prevent or delay mental ailments, like Alzheimers or dementia. Any social or mild physical activity is encouraged to keep the client fit, as a potential nursing diagnosis. Two cultural factors – the client is not a native English speaker, and therefore speaks the dialect of his birth or his mother tongue. His English language proficiency skills is average, so he longs for people who can speak his own language. He also feels homesick at times, and he wants a nurse assigned who speaks the same language, as it can affect health (Andrews & Boyle. 2008, p. 265). The impact of this inability to return before he dies is negative, causing sadness or depression. In his old country, smoking is generally considered acceptable, especially among the males. It has a negative impact on his health as he had smoked for decades; he stopped smoking recently. An actual nursing diagnosis is to make smoking cessation a permanent fixture. Two economic factors – the client is well provided for, considering his children are well off and working in good paying jobs. Besides, he also has an adequate

Ethics and Global Business Essay Example for Free

Ethics and Global Business Essay Skyscrapers, malls, restaurants, hotels, resorts, city lights, busy highways, and booming businesses- without a doubt, China has already blossomed from a sleeping nation into an economic giant. From a country that once resisted the global market, it now thrives as one of the leaders in world economy. In fact, China comes in with the second largest Gross Domestic Product last 2008 with a total amount of $7. 8 trillion (Guthrue, 2006, p. 7). This makes this country one of the fastest growing nations in the world. This great stride is the result of Deng Xiaoping’s vision and effort for economic reform. Over the past 30 years, globalization helped tore down the trade barriers which in turn, expanded the People’s Republic’s investment, businesses, and knowledge. The effects of globalization in China are simply staggering. In fact, it is even impossible to imagine that some 25 to 30 years ago; this country is known only for its history of political and economic problems escorted by social turmoil and fragmentation (Guthrue, 2006, p. 7). China’s path towards economic reform began during the late 70’s when its government started to adapt a more pragmatic action to its numerous political as well as socioeconomic dilemmas. This different perspective resulted in the decrease of its socialist ideology in the country’s economic policy. During this time, the government focused its attention in economic productivity by introducing new management methods in its industrial, agricultural, financial, fiscal, as well as labor sector. In 1984, China’s idea of people’s commune was eventually eliminated after its 25-year existence. Private ownership of agricultural and industrial production assets were declared legal, while workers were encouraged to find private employment. Apart from this, small enterprises and businesses in rural areas also came in by the numbers. This resulted in increased competition as well as an increase in trading (Guthrue, 2006, p. 7). These small steps helped this country prepare for its great leap forward. China’s economic growth finally came in when the government decided to fully integrate its economy with the international market. Efforts were then made to make several Chinese regions open for foreign investments. Incentives and favors on taxes, patents, as well as contracts were passed as a way of attracting international investors. Although the government’s efforts to draw foreign investors were on full force, its bureaucratic issues such as political corruption and social fragmentation caused its vision for economic reform to slow down. Inflation eventually surged in which then caused the country to lag behind considerably. By the early 1990s, China regained its momentum as its leader Deng Xiapong suggested various pronouncements geared towards reinventing and renewing the country’s goal for economic reform. This marked China’s growth to become one of the world’s economic giants. The following years saw how this country quest to improvement not only its economy but also administrative system. By 2003, the government proposed several policies and amendments to address its ever changing economic system. Legislators also placed in a new emphasis on balancing the income distribution in both urban and rural areas, reducing unemployment rate, improving equity, while at the same time protecting its natural resources. In 2005, the government approved a five-year economic program which is geared towards creating a â€Å"harmonious society†. This program ultimately calls for a 45 percent growth in its Gross Domestic Product as well as a 20 percent decrease in its energy consumption by the year 2010. Apart from this, the program also underlined the importance of an improved education, social security, as well as medical care system (Guthrue, 2006, p. 7). From the 70’s up to the present, China’s efforts to development their economy allowed them rank as the second largest GDP in terms of Purchasing Power Parity and the third largest when it comes to Industrial Output (Guthrue, 2006, p. 7). Indeed, globalization allowed this country to create important developments as well rapid progress. However, the country’s growth in economic dominance does not only create benefits, but it also creates threats to the country’s culture, tradition, and way of life. Although globalization brings many benefits and advances, it also brings with it several consequences that must be properly addressed. In the paper Urban Development in Global Periphery, Sanjoy Chakravorty (2003) explained that globalization has two varied elements. This includes economic globalization which refers to the â€Å"integration of markets† and ideological globalization which refers to the â€Å"political idea that underlie the spread of market, trade, and democracy† (Chakravorty, 2003, p. 357). While economic globalization can be effectively used to improve and development a country’s economic status; ideological globalization on the other hand, can have a relative detriment to the county’s culture and way of life. One of the staggering consequences of globalizations in China is the threat of losing its identity. Chakravorty (2003), explains that globalization is a homogenizing process (Chakravorty, 2003, p. 361). This creates not only an economic but also a cultural mark that leads a country to adapt the values, taste, and even identity of the dominating global economy. Some scholars even refer to this as the â€Å"Mcdonaldization† or the â€Å"Cocacolonization† of a nation’s cultural identity and value. Although patronizing foreign products can help the economy, there is also this underlying threat that such products may cause the people to forget their own and ultimately adopt the values that the foreign products brings. In the case of China, a country that was once known for its rich culture, the Great Wall, fascinating dynasties, and many more, may become replaced by foreign logos of McDonald’s, KFC, and Coca-Cola. Inequality is also an important issue that must be considered along with globalization. As technology and foreign businesses continue to spread, it is also very likely that the gap between the rich and poor will become wider. Although globalization played an important role in decreasing poverty, this same thing may also create a bigger gap between the haves and have-nots. This is because the income gaps between skilled workers and non-skilled workers will continue to grow despairingly large. This is especially true for China. The income inequality becomes much more prominent due to the huge gain enjoyed by its upper crust (Seeking Alpha, 2007). Human right is another globalization issue that must be carefully considered. Although globalization has exacerbated poverty in many parts of China, it is still important to take note that most of the laborers in this country receive below the minimum wage. The pressures of globalization can lead to labor exploitation especially in rural regions. In this situation, the women and the children are always the first victims. Most women become laborers in a sweatshop setting while receiving a low salary. Children on the other hand are forced to work in factories. The human issues regarding globalization become even worst as the laborers are often subjected in sweat shop settings. Oftentimes, the workers are exposed to an environment which is hazardous to their health. Most of the workers also lack the basic health and accident benefits. Indeed, globalization has delivered the world its promises of economic development and growth. However, it is also essential to remember and consider the ugly side of this phenomenon. Inequality, human rights, and even the threat of losing national and ethic identity are just some of the many consequences of globalization. Although resolving these issues all at once may be a far cry, it can still be addressed through effective and good governance. Education and awareness regarding the consequences of globalization must also be implemented and disseminated. References Chakravorty, Sanjoy (2003). Urban development in the global periphery: The consequences of economic and ideological Globalization. The Annals of Regional Science 37, p. 357-367 Guthrie, Douglas (2006). China and globalization: the social, economic and political transformation of Chinese society. CRC pres, p 1-398. Seeking Alpha (2007). Why Globalization Is Boosting Inequality in Developing Nations. Retrieved May 30, 2009, from http://seekingalpha. com/article/36616-why-globalization-is-boosting-inequality-in-developing-nations.

Abridging Cultural Differences in Learning Essay Example for Free

Abridging Cultural Differences in Learning Essay The world is not only composed of different races that come from different countries but also comprised of innumerable cultures unique from each other. Races from all around the world are greatly diverse. The diversity includes differences in practices, traditions and other cultural manifestations. Culture is one of the distinguishable characteristics of a group of people living in society. Culture is embedded in the community and is illustrated in various forms. In fact, even architectural design depicts culture of people in a particular place. Culture shapes and reshapes a persons individuality. It is influenced by various factors including socio-political, sociological, religion, and historical. Culture continually conform and mold to provide the ever-changing needs of the people in the society. The difference in cultural identity of the people could be attributed to the inherent beliefs, traditions and practices they adhere or grew up with. It is also due to the geographical locations of where we live because culture should match or fit to the geographical and topographical characteristics of the place. For these characteristics greatly affects some aspects of the culture. Learning Styles Learning plays a big role in the lives of people for it is essential in acquiring knowledge that is utilized in understanding things. Learning is an inherent human ability that is honed by factors that affects this particular human process like parenting, formal schooling, experience etc. The process of learning is never-ending, as people reach old age they still acquire new things like information and knowledge they will be able to utilize in some way. Learning has biological and sociological aspects or dimensions. These aspects affect learning either in a positive or negative way. Students may have different processes in taking in information and different ways of learning. Teaching strategies and methods also vary among teachers. Whenever teacher-student education style methods and preference are the same, learning is more likely successful. When there is an existing discrepancy in the learning style preferred by both students and teachers, the students tend to get bored and become inattentive to the lessons (Felder). Every individual have their preferred way of learning things. They are often unaware of this particular preference, they are just aware that they learn more of things that way. People tend to learn more using certain activities and methods than others (Melkman Trotman, 2005). The learning style preferences determine how people learn and the comfortable way in which they were able to learn more. These preferences exert influence learning efficacy (Melkman Trotman, 2005). Some of the biological aspects of learning are sound and light (Shalaway Beech, 1998), some people could not digest the things they should learn in the presence of loud noise and dim light, while there are some people who understand more of the lesson under that certain circumstances. The perception of an individual also affects the learning process of an individual. State of mental health is also another aspect that affects the learning process in which we determine if a person could easily learn the things being taught to them. This is where we could separate fast, average and slow learners. Developmental and sociological aspects that affect the cognitive processes include motivation (Shalaway Beech, 1998), in which some persons need to be motivated in order to digest what is being taught. Being in the in-group also one of the factors that is mostly seen in the school setting where students are more eager to go to school when they are not ostracized by the cliques or social groups. In most classroom settings, noise is not tolerated. Teachers react negatively whenever students squirm or wriggle in their seats, whenever they tap their desks with their pencils or whenever they show restlessness. However, studies prove that some children need such activities for then to able to concentrate, think and learn (Shalaway Beech, 1998). Research shows that when the learning preference of the children, either their biological or sociological aspect, there is a notable increase in achievement and behavioral response. Teachers also have individualized learning styles that affect their way of teaching. When the learning styles of the teacher and students happen to be the same, the more the students will learn (Shalaway Beech, 1998). Various sources discussed many types of learning style preferences. The three main learning style preferences are the auditory, visual and kinesthetic. The auditory learning style explains that some students learn more using their sense of hearing. They tend to get oral instructions easily. The visual learning style, on the other hand, explains how some students tend to learn more using their sense of sight. They are the students who frantically take down notes and copy down keywords from visual aids in class. The kinesthetic learning style explains why some students opt to learn on their own. They tend to learn more through experience and discovery (Learning Styles, 2005). Cultural Differences and Learning Culture and learning are two inseparable things (Moore and Anderson, 2003). The innate cultural identity of a person tends to affect their learning capabilities through influencing their learning styles. Researches find out that cultural groups tend to have unique learning styles that are different from other ethnic groups. But there is also a contrasting finding that members of the family tend to have different learning styles. Instructors and learning facilitators should be aware of three important things. 1. There are existing universally accepted learning principles, 2. Culture greatly influences the learning styles of individuals, 3. Every person has their distinguishable learning style preferences that affect their potential achievement and acquired knowledge (Moore Anderson, 2003). Culture could be held responsible in the developed learning style of an individual. Culture determines the preferences and values a person holds. United States is a multiracial and multicultural society in which the normal classroom is composed of people coming from the different ethnic groups (Shalaway Beech, 1998). Oftentimes, we are having a difficult time understanding people who have dissimilar taste and preference, because we know that there is no commonality or common ground that that two person could talk about. We tend to be biased in some way. Cultural differences are persons strengths, knowing the cultural background of the student will greatly help us to facilitate and induce classroom learning (Shalaway Beech, 1998). The knowledge in the cultural diversity and how it influences the learning process is very important especially to the course designers because there is an inevitable possibility that a group of individuals have different learning styles preferences (Moore Anderson, 2003). The negative implication of the culturally diverse classroom setting is composed of individuals with various learning style preferences. The instructor or learning facilitator have no control over the heterogeneous mixture of learning styles for it is difficult to develop a mixture of training methods and teaching strategies for all the students to learn in class. Conclusion Learning is among the fundamental human process very essential in life. The process of learning occurs in every setting and outside the confines of school and we are unaware that it happens. Culture is the embedded characteristic deeply rooted in society. It somehow defines the social identity of a person. Culture shapes individuality and influences the different aspects of a person, including tastes and preferences. Variety is the spice of life. The global society is composed of different races and cultures. Cultural differences are reflected in learning style preferences. The negative implication of cultural diversity in a classroom and having too many learning styles is that the teachers do not know what teaching methods they should used in order the students to learn the subject. Knowledge in this particular matter is very important especially to learning facilitators and course designers to develop a comprehensive and efficient teaching method to be utilized in classrooms in which ever student’s learning style is utilized. In this way we will be able to abridge cultural differences in learning. References Felder, R. Learning Styles. Resources in Science and Engineering Education. Retrieved June 25, 2008 from http://www4. ncsu. edu/unity/lockers/users/f/felder/public/Learning_Styles. html. Learning Styles. (2005). Student Development Services. University of Western Ohio. Retrieved June 25, 2008 from http://www. sdc. uwo. ca/learning/index. html? styles. Melkman, A. Trotman, J. (2005). Training International Managers: Designing, Deploying and Delivering Effective Training for Multi-Cultural Groups. England: Gower Publishing Ltd. Moore, M. G. Anderson, W. G. (2003). Handbook of Distance Education. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Shalaway, L. Beech, L. (1998). Learning to Teach: Not Just for Beginners: The Essential Guide for All Teachers. New York: Teaching Resources/ Scholastic Professional Books.

Cubism and Henry Moore: A Comparison

Cubism and Henry Moore: A Comparison The 20th century comprised of artists with a broad array of interests and fortes, causing an overlap of stylistic features in artworks ranging from the drawn, the sculpted and even the assemblage works. Sculptures during this era were radical in nature due to their loosening grip of the conventional sculptures that were prior constructed from marble or bronze and the divergence from representing figures. Henry Moore was a well-known sculptor of this period living nearly 90 years who demonstrated this avant-garde emancipation from the standard. In juxtaposition to Moore, Pablo Picasso was associated with the emergence of the Cubism a movement he is noted for. Both artists incorporate themes in their artworks that are both similar and different to one anothers stylistic specialty. The deviation from high-art materials to low-art materials, the influences of both artists from prehistoric to primitive, and the shared and unshared aesthetic qualities of their artworks have been discuss ed in relation to the comparison of Cubism (Picasso) and the sculpture of Henry Moore. Materials were a radical and trans-figurative aspect of both Pablo Picasso and Henry Moore. Both artists had rejected the conventions of traditional art and materials, which were mainly associated with high-art. The aforementioned, Picasso and Moore created their works by breaking these standardizations of the old masters by incorporating materials of low art: an avant-garde aspect that personified this era. Cubism uses every day commercial materials such as newspapers, wallpapers, cardboard, and metal, whereas Henry Moore takes a leap isolating himself from the rest of the sculptors and uses unusual and unique materials in his sculptures. Moores list of materials include: for stone alabaster, ironstone, Corsehill stone, African wonder stone, birds-eye marble; for wood ebony, beech wood, walnut, lignum-vitae; for metals- lead and bronze. It also includes terra cotta and cast stone and various combinations of string and wire with wood and metal (Blackshear, 46). For Picasso and Mo ore, materials were used to provide a contrast; In Moores case paint was not applied or used like the cubists did on their canvases; the use of a variety of materials replaced the act of applying the paint directly in favor of an element of colour interest often lacking in the accumulated work of a sculptor. (blackshear, 46). Both Picasso and Moore also believed to give truth to their materials, which later came to be known as the reduction of means (Kirschenbaum, 169). To extrapolate, both artists believed that the material used, should represent itself rather than insinuating an exterior notion paint should look like paint, wood like wood and stone like stone (Kirschenbaum, 169). The colonization of the African continent by the European powers was a stepping-stone for the emergence of primitive cultures and their influence on the Modern art. It was through this massive bloodshed of the colonization and trade, that the African Tribal Masks made their way to Europe. These masks were merely seen as wooden carvings until the hands of Picasso, Braque and Derain and many more were laid on them. The masks had become a hot commodity in the realm of art aiding in the growing interest of Primitive Art. One of these artists was Picasso, whom surprisingly in different accounts has denied his fascination with these Primitive artifacts. However, this subject is still controversial, because Picasso  remains silent about it and his friend, the art dealer Kahnweiler,  has denied in his writings that the Cubists borrowed from  African art. Despite Picassos refusal to discuss this subject, it is  known from the reminiscences of some of his artist-friends that  he was greatly impressed by and collected African art. He may be touchy about this matter, since Gertrude Stein once reproached  him of using African art as a crutch (Alfert, 391 393). Although Picasso disagrees with those who state that he is in fact indebted to primitive art, his artwork exemplifies otherwise. His early Les Demoiselles DAvignon of 1907 would have been incomplete without the primitive aspects of the mask- the shading, the rough contours, and the explicit twisting of bodies. On the contrary, Moore, who too was influenced by these masks, acknowledges that he borrowed from primitive art (Alfert, 391). In 1930 and just before, he [Moore] produced a number of stone figures  whose facial features are characterized by a concave, heart-shaped  form in which the eyes protrude as small, raised craters. Such a  configuration is common among the works of several African tribes,  notably the Ba-Lega of the North- Eastern Congo. (Alfert, 391) Inevitably, with African sculpture acting as a catalyst in 20th century art, the struggle in art became one for directness, immediacy, and economy of means. (Kirschenbaum, 169). The works of Picasso and Moore have come a long way since their initial exposure to the works of their forefathers of Modern art namely Cezanne and Rodin. (Elsen, 355). Picasso borrowed many of Cezannes pictorial techniques and integrated them into his early cubist works (lecture). He always looked up to Cezanne and admired him greatly since he had initially-before the Cubist movement-deviated from the legacy of the Old Masters; Cezanne instead epitomized new radical practices such as the flattening of the image and the abolishment of perspective-laying the foundation of the Cubist movement. Similarly, Moore looked up to Auguste Rodin who is believed to be the progenitor of Modern sculpture. (ucker, William (1974). Early Modern Sculpture. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-519773-9). It was from Rodin, that Moore developed an interest in the integration of nature and body -a repetitive theme of his works. Moore has explicitly accredited Rodin at many instances: Rodin taught me a lot about the body; its asymmetry from every point of view, how to avoid rigid symmetry, the flexible parts of the body, the head, jaw, neck, thorax, pelvis, knees etc., and that these axes should not parallel each other. These were the ways of giving the figure vitality. (Elsen, 355) Nature, for Moore became an imperative theme in his sculptures. He frequently places his pieces in a horizontal position, which devaluates the importance of the head and stresses the abdomen as the compositional center (Arnheim, 31). By targeting the abdomen, Moore emphasizes his continuous theme of nature, which is also seen in Fauconniers Abudance painting of 1910. Fauconniers piece is a masterful representation of the womb being the center of life regurgitating the role of the woman as being the body in which a growing fruit is held for nine months. This theme of nature used by Moore, is also proven by his favorite theme of the Mother and Child seen in many of his series. Through the integration of Cezanne and Rodins techniques and styles into their artworks, both Picasso and Moore demonstrate how they utilized what they learnt from their Masters to create a bridge towards their individual breakthrough. Aesthetic concepts in the works of Cubism and in the sculptures of Moore are similar in nature. The artists incorporate a sense of uniformity, balance, vitality and emancipation to their pieces to create a dynamic space for it to occupy. The Cubists and Moore have interpreted the occupancy of space by an artwork as being comprised of the relationship of negative and positive space (blackshear, 46). The Cubists believed the non-Euclidian theory where space is not comprised just of the first, second, or third dimension but also the fourth, which symbolizes the notion of timelessness, and simultaneity (textbook). In conjunction to the Cubists idea of space, Moore too has come to use space in all its forms (Blackshear, 46): he uses the dot (zero dimension), line (first dimension), shape (second dimension), volume (third dimension), and movement (form of fourth dimension) (Blackshear, 46). In contrast to cubist works, in which negative spaces cease to exist, Moore makes the use of positiv e and negative space- a tenacious quality of his sculptures (blackshear, 46). Moore utilizes the hollows created in his sculptures the Reclining Figure as the negative space and relates it to another punctured hole to create uniformity. The holes filled with dense air of its surrounding created in his carvings are concave in nature, reminiscent of the concave perforation in Picassos Guitar of 1914 (the Guitars concavities have been influenced by the Grebo Mask). Moore resists using convexities in his pieces because they would obstruct the space aggressively, countering his obsession with coherency. In accordance of invading space, the Guitar is comprised of protruding planes, which jut out in play of substance and void into the air, disrupting its surrounding space. Homogeny in Moores pieces is further achieved through the flow of his units the dead ends of the hands and feet [of the body] merge with each other or stream back into the body of the figure, permitting the circulat ion of energy to continue (Arnheim, 30). Regularity is also attained by the balance and assimilation of the two antagonistic tendencies the internal and external thrusts (Arnheim, 35). Vitality another aesthetic aspect of the work of Picasso and Moore is not achieved in cubist works because the works are to be seen as what they represent, and nothing more meaningful. The shattered fragments of cubist works deny the possession of energy, in favour of embracing spatial incongruity. To compare, for Moore: A work must first have a vitality of its own. I do not mean a reflection  of the vitality of life, of movement, physical action. Frisking, dancing  figures and so on, but that a work can have in it a pent-up energy,  an intense life of its own, independent of the object it may represent. When a work has this powerful vitality we do not connect the word Beauty with it. (3 way piece, 238) For both artists, the labeling of a work with the word Beauty was unacceptable. They both believed that a work should be viewed simply as what it is, similar to how they brought their materials to reductionism, so that they represented what they were and nothing else. Therefore, through the presence of uniformity, balance and the invigorating vitality in Moores works, he complements the surrounding air, by capturing the energy, absorbing it, and then allowing it to evaporate and disseminate into infinity.

What is useful in Freuds theory of dreams? Essay -- Psychology Psycho

 « The interpretation of dreams is the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind  ».1 While Freud already used hypnosis and free association with his patients, he soon felt the need to include the interpretation of dreams in psychoanalysis as well. Freud decided he would developped his 'theory of dreams' to go further in his analysis. According to Freud, dreams allow unconscious desires, fears or emotions to express themselves in a disguised way. Dreams are an expression of wish fulfilment communicating through symbols. Throughout this essay, we will ask ourselves how dreams and their interpretation can be useful to psychoanalysis. Why pay attention to night unconsciousness to go deeper in the analysis? How and why do we dream? What relationship is there between sleeping, dreaming and stimuli? How far can the interpretation of dream lead? Are there limits to Freud's theory of dreams? Freud's theory of dreams completes the method of psychoanalysis : free association and interpretation when studying the meaning of dreams allow a deeper understanding of the patient. Through his theory's 'dream-work' process, Freud explores the mechanisms of unconsciousness to analyse the process of imaginary wish fulfilment. ** * Dreams and their interpretation appear to be a controversial issue never reaching consensus. Before focusing on the elaboration of his theory of dreams, Freud noticed there were three different appreciations commonly made of dreams : (1) dreams are the expression of a superior state where repressed fantasies reappear ; (2) medical experts believe dreams respond to sensorial and stomatic stimuli ; (3) the public consider dreams have a meaning.2 On those premises, Freud has developped and strenghten... ...or the understanding of dreams and the psychoanalysis research, it seems to have its limits and uncertainties. The arbitrary involved in the interpretation and the generalization relevant to Freud's seduction theory can be easily criticized. Works Cited FREUD, Sigmund, Sur le Rà ªve, (Gallimard Paris : 1998) FREUD, Sigmund, 1. Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, translated by James Strachey, (Penguin Books : 1991) FREUD, Sigmund, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, The Standard Edition, (W.W. Northon and Company : 1989) FREUD, Sigmund, The Interpretation of Dreams, translated by A.A. Brill in 1911, Plain Label Books, (Chumley P. Grumley:1913) LACAN, Jacques, The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis, The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, Book XI, (W.W.Northon and Company : 1998) LAPLANCHE, PONTALIS, Vocabulaire de la Psychanalyse, 4e à ©dition (Quadrige : 2004)

William Faulkners A Rose for Emily Essay -- A Rose for Emily, William

William Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily"   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A Rose for Emily,† is the remarkable story of Emily Grierson, whose death and funeral drew the attention of the town. The bizarre outcome is further emphasized throughout by the symbolism of the decaying house, which parallels Miss Emily’s physical deterioration and demonstrates her ultimate mental disintegration. Emily’s life, like the house which decays around her, suffers from lack of genuine love and care.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The characteristics of Miss Emily’s house, like her physical appearance, are brought about by years of neglect. For example, the house is located in what was once a prominent neighborhood that has deteriorated. Originally white and decorated in â€Å"the heavily lightsome style† of an earlier time, the house has become â€Å"an eyesore among eyesores†(177). The description of her house represents a place side by side of the past and present and was an emblematic presentation of Emily herself. Through lack of attention the house has evolved from a beautiful representative of quality to an ugly holdover from another era. Similarly, Miss Emily became an eyesore; for example, she was first described as a â€Å"fallen monument†(177) to suggest her former grandeur and her later ugliness. She was a â€Å"monument,† an ideal of past values but fallen because she had shown herself susceptible to death and decay. According Fetterley, †Å"the violence implicit in the desire to see the monument fall†(194). Like the house, she has lost her beauty....

Economic Policies Of The Presidential Candidates Essay

The presidential election is coming just in the time when America is in desperate need to get out of many crises. Some of the apparent crises are the health reform crisis, the credit crisis and the political crisis generated by the war. Considering this background environmental condition, the coming election might be one of the most important events in the history of America and one that will decide the future of the country. In this paper however, I will focus on discussing the economic policies proposed by both presidential candidates. The discussion will focus on evaluating each of the candidates’ economic agenda and how they will affect the US economy in terms of growth (the supply side) and stability (the demand side). II. Thesis Statement Based on the news rails and publications regarding the economic agenda of the two candidates we can assess to a certain extent, the direction of each candidate. From my analysis, each of them has different approach on how to address the challenges faced by the nation. In the end of this paper I will provide a conclusion stating the different overall positions of both candidates and what benefits could come from each economic agenda. First however, I would make a thesis statement based on a quick glance over the available information in order to direct the course of this discussion. The thesis statement is: â€Å"Obama has an economic action plan that is aimed to affect the US economy in the form of improved living conditions for the middle class American workers in all aspects and thus generate economic stability, while McCain has an economic action plan that is aimed to affect US economy in the form of enhanced America’s competitiveness in businesses and thus create stronger macroeconomic growthâ€Å" III. Candidates on Economic Growth (the Supply Side) There are several perspectives of measuring the quality of a economic policy. In this paper, I am using two basic measurements of economic performance, which is economic growth and economic stability. Economic growth represents development of the supply side within the economy, which is represented by factors like productivity growth, capital accumulation and the supply of labor. Economic stability on the other hand, represents development of the demand side of the economy, which is represented by factors like inflation, demand for goods ands services, employment and price levels. Despite their nature of sometimes being a trade-off to each other, both are important economic indicators to ensure a prosper society. The lack of attention to any of those factors mentioned above will generate concerns and even protest from unsatisfied citizens of America. Thus, this paper is dedicated to evaluate the presidential candidates’ economic policies proposal within each and ever factors mentioned above. III. 1. John McCain on Economic Growth III. 1. 1 John McCain’s Agenda John McCain has confessed previously in one of his interviews that economy is not really his strong point. However, due to the presence of numerous professors as his economic advisors, it is not objective to judge the candidate from this statement alone. After a period of unclear statements regarding his economic agenda, John McCain has finally stepped-up confidently with a clear-cut economic agenda. His website reveals several sections consisting of actions under a title of ‘McCain Tax Cut Plan’. In the ‘Pro-growth Tax Policy’ section, McCain proposed the following actions: 1. Keep Tax Rates Low Under this action John McCain intends to fight the Democrats on their tax hike agenda and in the exact opposite of that plan, John McCain believes that there should be a reduction of taxes for the entrepreneurs of America. John McCain believes that small, medium and successful entrepreneurs are at the hearth of American innovation and therefore, should be protected by sound government policies. 2. Make It Harder to raise Taxes To support his commitment to maintain a low tax level, John McCain will strive to change the current legislation and suggested a new one, regulating that tax increases require at least 3/5 majority vote in Congress. 3. Cut Corporate Taxes Especially for corporations, John McCain suggested that a further tax reduction is important for US competitiveness. He believes that America was once a low-tax business environment, but later failed to keep pace as trade partners lower their rates. Thus, a tax deduction is appropriate to restore US competitiveness. 4. Rewards Savings, Investments and Risk-Taking John McCain believes that the reduction of tax will enable saving and further investment on innovation. Thus, it is imperative to maintain low taxes. 5. Allow First Year expensing of Equipment and Technology investment In order to boost investment in research and development, the government should allow corporations to expense their capital expenditures used for developing cutting edge technologies (‘John McCain’, 2008). III. 1. 2. Perceived Effects of the Agenda As elaborated, McCain’s economic agenda focused on his tax-cut plans. There are pros and cons regarding this action plan, especially regarding whether this tax cut plans will actually support economic growth. In theory, McCain’s agenda is in line with the general understanding on macro economic tendencies. Macroeconomic theories revealed that when taxes are low and entrepreneurship & innovation are supported by various legislations, there will be increased investment on business that will finally enhance the level of productivity of related businesses. This means that ‘in theory’, McCain has met the first criteria of economic growth, which is increased productivity. By lowering taxes on huge corporations, McCain will also allow these companies to enhance their capital accumulation process and generate business expansion faster than it would be otherwise. This means that ‘in theory’, McCain would have also met the ‘capital accumulation’ criteria. In terms of labor supply, McCain’s campaign website does not mention any effort of increasing the supply of labor for American industries. In his speeches and interviews on the other hand, the candidate has mentioned that his economic agenda will also include training programs for to increase the skills and capabilities of US labors and thus, enhanced their wages also. If these government training programs are truly a part of McCain’s action plan, than it the candidate had also ‘theoretically’ fulfilled the third factors, which is labor supply. Concerns however, are stated by economic observers. These observers stated that in the past 4 years, we have performed this strategy of providing entrepreneurs and corporations with supporting strategies, but the fact is, during the entire Bush’s administration, the amount of new jobs created is less than a year within the Clinton’s administration. Observers and writers also perceived that the corporate tax cut will enrich the already rich and done little for the middle class. This is quite in contrast to the current concerns throughout the United States toward increasing the quality of life for the middle class and the working class. Some perceived that this is only a clever strategy to get the support of powerful entrepreneurs in McCain’s campaign. Therefore, McCain’s idea of continuing this program (further protecting and supporting large corporations) does not impress most economic scholars and economic observers, but gain interest of the business sectors. Another concern is that McCain’s plan to increase labor supply is considered weak. This is due to the fact that American corporations are outsourcing their production activities overseas, due to the cheaper cost structure in foreign countries. Thus, supporting the large corporations with huge tax cuts will not guarantee that American labor will gain advantage over the growth generated by those tax cuts. Furthermore, with trainings that enhance American labor’s wage-rates, it will be less likely for American companies to use American labor in their production. These policies might have the potential of generating increased growth rates and innovation as promised, but even with the tax returns for workers families, the middle class will only gain a small portion, compare to the benefits gained by rich entrepreneurs.

Heroism in the Crucible

Mads Szklany English 11 Mr. Doty March 29, 2010 Heroism in The Crucible Often people have to endure tests of character in order to prove who they are. It is when people have to face great opposition that their character is truly shown; we see whether people are heroes or cowards. Those who are heroic always stand up for their morals and never back down and do selfless acts for the good of others. When people encounter moments where they have to face opposition they can do either of two things; they can stand up for what they believe in and do what they think is the right thing to do, or they can sit back and let someone else do it and simply try to ignore the problem. The ones who always stand up for what they believe are the people who are true heroes. People who have a heroic character will constantly rise up and speak out loud when they see that something wrong is going on. The people who are heroes are incredibly important to society, because they are the people who work for a better tomorrow; they are the people who are willing to sacrifice themselves for something better. In The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, there are multiple characters that show the quality of a hero when faced with opposition. I believe that the four characters that showed the most â€Å"hero† quality were john Proctor, Elizabeth Proctor, Rebecca Nurse and Giles Corey. Rebecca Nurse is a good and simple example of someone who is a hero. She is a hero from the beginning to the end of the story. From the start she is willing to sacrifice her own life for her morals, which shown how strong a character she is. Even when she is repeatedly being pleaded by Reverend Hale to confess to witchcraft in order to save her own life, she refuses, because she knows it is a lie and lying is against her good morals. The heroes, Giles and Proctor, are more complex and grow to become heroes in the book. In the beginning of the book Giles Corey does not appear to be a hero. However, throughout the book he begins to play more and more the role of a hero. In the beginning of the book Giles is seen as more of an annoying person who will do bad things to benefit himself, but he changes throughout the book. When the witch hunts start he does not really believe in witchcraft, however, he is still curious about it and wants to ask the expert, Reverend Hale, some questions. Giles accidently makes his wife look like a witch when he starts asking Hale questions. Giles asks Hale about his wife, â€Å"I have waked at night many a time and found her in a corner, readin’ of a book. Now what do I make of that? † (37). It was uncommon for Women to read at this time so it made her look like a witch. Then after this Giles goes on to say, â€Å"It discomfits me! Last night-mark this-I tired and tired and could not say my prayers. And then she close her book and walks out of the house, and suddenly-mark this-I could pray again! † (38). Giles, however, forgets to mention to Reverend Hale that he has only recently started going to church and that he is not very good at saying prayer; he never mentions that this could have something to do with him not knowing how to say a proper prayer. After Giles wife is taking to prison he does not do very much and just keeps on with his life. For the way he spoke of his wife and simply allowed her to go to jail he is definitely no hero. Later, though, Giles starts to notice that even the slightest offhand remark can result in suspicion of one working with the devil. Giles finally wakes up when Putnam’s daughter accuses George Jacobs of witchery. When this happens then Giles notices a motive and claims that Putnam only wants Jacobs’ land. This is when Giles realizes that he needs to take a stand because if he doesn’t then no one will. Giles then rushes to the court shouting that â€Å"Thomas Putnam is only reaching out for land! † (79) Giles claims to have proof and a witness who heard Putnam speak of it. When the court asks him to tell them who the witness is he refuses, because he does not wish to condemn another person, just like he condemned his own wife. Because he will not say who it was, they take him outside and start putting stones on top of him, trying to make him confess. Elizabeth speaks about when Giles was again asked to say who it was. Elizabeth said, â€Å"Great stones they lay upon his chest until he plead aye or nay. They say he give them but two words. â€Å"More weight,† he says. And died† (125). In the end of the book Giles has learned and grown. He dies a hero because he refuses to do the wrong thing; instead he stands up and faces the consequence of doing what is right. From the beginning of the book Proctor knows that the witch trials are only something made up by a group of girls lead by Abigail. He knows because Abigail told him first hand that Betty, who is supposed to be bewitched, is only pretending. Abigail says, â€Å"We were dancin’ in the woods last night, and my uncle leaped in on us. She took fright, is all† (20). Abigail, however, has told the whole town that Betty has been bewitched. When Proctor finds out this information he still does not go to the court because part of him is still in love with his old mistress, Abigail. Later when Abigail begins to accuse Elizabeth, Proctor’s wife, of witchcraft, Proctor has then had enough. He goes to the court and yells to the court that, â€Å"A man may think God sleeps, but God sees everything, I know it now. I beg you, sir, I beg you—see her what she is. . . . She thinks to dance with me on my wife’s grave! And well she might, for I thought of her softly. God help me, I lusted, and there is a promise in such sweat. But all it is a whore’s vengeanceâ€Å" (102). Here Abigail starts to look guilty. Proctor confesses to lechery and if it is true that Proctor did commit lechery with Abigail, then very likely the court will figure out that all this was simply a well-planned plot by Abigail. The court wants Elizabeth to come from the jail and speak to the court in private. When Elizabeth goes to the court she does not know that her husband confessed to lechery. Therefore when Elizabeth is asked about the relationship that Proctor and Abigail had, she merely denies there ever being a relationship between them. She knows that if she lies then she will go to hell, but if she speaks the truth then she will condemn her husband, which she does not wish to do, because of such a selfless act she also becomes a hero. Proctor is the greatest hero in the book. He is also the person in the book who learns the most and grows. He is a very human character because when faced with oppositions he wants to do the right thing, but still has so doubt about what to do; he is a hero, though, because in the end he makes he right decision. He decides to confess, even though his confession is a lie. Then when he is confessing they tell him that he needs to sign his name on a confession. When they ask him to sign his name he begins to cry and refuses to sing, saying, â€Å"Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign mysel f to lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul; leave me my name! † (133). Proctor realizes that by him confessing he will be condoning the hanging of all the innocent people. He then decides that he rather stand up for what is right and been hanged, than confessing to a lie. Proctor accepts his fate, Reverend Hale begins plead with him saying â€Å"Man, you will hang! You cannot! † (133). Proctor simply replies with his eyes full of tears, â€Å"I can. And there’s your first marvel that I can. You have made your magic now, for now I do think I see some shred of goodness in John Proctor. Not enough to weave a banner with, but white enough to keep it from such dogs. Elizabeth, in a burst of terror, rushes to him and weeps against his hand. Give them no tear! Tears pleasure them! Show honor nor, show a stony heart and sink them with it! † (133). Then morning comes and Rebecca and Proctor are taking outside to be hanged. When Proctor stands up preparing to be hanged Elizabeth says, â€Å"He have his goodness now† (134). Elizabeth feels that now Proctor has become the great man that he was meant to be. Proctor could have saved his own life but instead he chooses to die because that is the heroic thing to do; he dies for a right cause. The book shows a variety of heroic characters. However, the most important aspect of the book is also that is shows that heroes are not born heroes but they are made into heroes when faced with great opposition. Heroism is one of the most important things in life. Most people lack the qualities of a true hero. Most people are weak and fall when faced with the slightest bit of opposition. That is why heroism should be praised when it is shown. Everyday heroes are those who are willing to do selfless acts for the good of others. Works cited: Miller, Arthur. The Crucible. New York: Penguin books, 1951.

Raw by Scott Monk Essay

Raw follows the story of Brett Dalton a teenager with an attitude who has succumb to peer pressure and lives outside the law. After being picked up for various minor offences Brett finds himself having to spend time at a rehabilitation centre. the image that I have created symbolises Brett Daltons perspective of the rehabilitation centre called the farm. The farm is home to many young crime committers such as Brett. The farms main purpose is to reform kids that are sent there. It is very different from most detention centres in regards that a lot of trust is given to the inmates. Brett was confused with this as his image of the farm was completely different as he states in the book â€Å"what kind of detention centre is this ? there weren’t any bars on the cells ? There weren’t even cells† the farm ran a much different way to which Brett thought which I have created in my image. My image helps to express the idea of how Brett sees the farm through his eyes. At the start of the novel Brett is considered as a rebel and feels that the whole world is against him and blames others for his troubles he has the perception that the farm will be full of guards and have locked gates and that it will never change who he is . Brett’s negativity towards authority is expressed in his antagonism towards the police but throughout the novel Brett comes to understand that not all power and authority is like that represented by police that power is non-merely vested in institution’s and authority figures but there are sensitive and compassionate individuals that through the book help Brett to regain control over his own destiny Although the farm does not successfully help Brett get out of trouble as he ends up in jail but he learns many lessons and that ‘he is the only one that can change who he is

Early Childhood Education-Learning Through the Senses Essay

As parents of young children, we often ponder which Early Childhood Program to enroll our children in. At one point in time they were non-existent. As early childhood educators emerged, programs were created. Interestingly, the Montessori approach is a specialized method created by Maria Montessori. The Montessori Method; which is widely used today was created with the focus of children learning from their environment (Morrison, 2009). Montessori’s are not aimed at talented and gifted children; this method is expressed in public and private school settings in conjunction with children attending up to age 18. In addition, Montessori serves the needs of children of all levels of mental and physical abilities (Stephenson, 2011). In 1870, Maria Montessori, the first Italian woman to secure a medical degree (Stephenson, 2011). With her degree she entered the fields of psychiatry, education and anthropology. She had a passion for young minds. She believed that children educate themselves. Montessori became a physician in 1896, attending the University of Rome psychiatric clinic. During her tenure, Dr. Montessori developed an enthusiasm for the study of children with special needs; where she also spoke on their behalf. Twenty-six years later, Maria relocated to San Lorenzo, Rome to study children without disabilities. There she observed fifty children which resulted in success. This success was recognized and spread all over, attracting travelers from all over to this remarkable case study. An in-depth explanation of what a Montessori truly is, Stephenson (2011) clearly states: A Montessori can be defined as a revolutionary method of observing and supporting the natural development of children. Montessori educational practice helps children develop creativity, problem solving,  critical thinking and time-management skills to contribute to society and the environment, and to become fulfilled persons in their particular time and place on Earth. The basis of Montessori practice in the classroom is mixed age group (3 ages- 6 ages in one class), individual choice of research and work, and interrupted concentration. Group lesson are seldom found in a Montessori classroom, but learning abounds. Since Montessori’s death, educators all over continue to implement and notice this method has worked all over the world with all kinds of children (wealthy, poor, gifted, normal, learning disabled, etc.) and environments (from slums, to elegant schools, etc. ). Maria agreed that when physical, mental, spiritual and emotional needs are met, children glow with excitement and a drive to play and work with enthusiasm, to learn, and to create. In conjunction, children exude a desire to teach, help and care for others and for their environment (Stephenson, 2011). During her lectures and travels, Maria Montessori was nominated twice for the Nobel Peace Prize. In addition to the explanation of a Montessori, the following is the Montessori Method. This method meticulously exemplifies how Montessori educators implement the method in various programs across the country. There are five basic principle associated with the Montessori Method. They are: Respect for the child, The Absorbent child, Sensitive periods, The Prepared environment and Auto-education. Respect for the children occurs when educators assist children with new projects, allowing them to learn for themselves. Giving the child room to explore their boundaries flourishes abilities for positive self- esteem (Morrison, 2009). Montessori also believed having respect for the child is a key element. She said (Morrison, 2009), As a rule, however we do not respect children. We try to force them to follow us without regard to their special needs. We are overwhelming with them, and above all, rude; and then we expect them to be submissive and well-behaved, knowing all the time how strong is their instinct of imitation and how touching their faith in and admiration of us. They will imitate us in any case. Let us treat them, therefore, with all the kindness which we would wish to help to develop in them. When it comes to a child’s mind; it can be described as a sponge. Their young minds continuously â€Å"absorb† information. Unintentionally, children cannot help but learn. In their own environments and in shared environments. The Absorbent mind refers to the idea that the minds of young children are receptive to and capable learning (Morrison, 2009). From birth to age six, these are the most important years of the absorbent mind. Shortridge (2003), compiled an essay about the absorbent mind in which Montessori states that the child learns by unconsciously taking in everything around him and actually constructs himself. Using his senses, he incarnates, or creates himself by absorbing his environment through his very act of living. Morrison (2009) adds, â€Å"What they learn depends greatly on their teachers, experiences, and environments†(Ch. 9). In the sensitive periods; learning is most likely to occur (Morrison, 2009). In our text (2009), Montessori recalls a sensitive period: A sensitive period refers to a special sensibility which a creature acquires in its infantile state, while it is still in a process of evolution. It is a transient disposition and limited to the acquisition of a particular trait. Once this trait or characteristic has been acquired, the special sensibility disappears. It is imperative for an educator to observe and ascertain sensitivity periods and sustain the proper environment. Many theorists believe this stage is considered the critical period. The critical period and the sensitive period contain a sensitive difference. The critical period mildly describes a child not receiving the â€Å"right† or enough stimuli during the window; they will be stagnant in learning in the future (Oswalt, 2008). However, theorists who believe in the sensitive period noted it would post difficulty for the childcare giver to attain what was not learned during the learning window of opportunity, still there is room for the child to learn at a later time (Oswalt, 2008). In a prepared environment it is believed children learn best. In an environment where children can do things for themselves; children are at liberty to explore materials of their own choosing. Within these prepared environments, are six principles: Freedom, Structure and Order, Beauty, Nature and Reality, Social environment and Intellectual environment (Irinyi, 2009). Freedom environment includes freedom of movement, the child must experience freedom of exploration. All of these freedom movements lead to a greater freedom (Irinyi, 2009). Structure and order in the classroom mirrors the sense of structure and order in the universe (Irinyi, 2009). A beautiful environment should suggest harmony and should invite the worker to work. Nature and reality strongly influenced Maria Montessori and believed children should actively interact with nature. Social environment promotes the freedom of children socially interacting with one another and also develop a sense of compassion and empathy for others (Irinyi, 2009). Briefly, auto-education is last principal of the Montessori Method. The prepared environment also stimulates auto-education which is the idea that children teach themselves through appropriate materials and activities (Morrison, 2009). Children who decide to â€Å"work† in the â€Å"kitchen† are able to role play as chefs and are able to make themselves and their peers something to eat. In the Early Childhood Education field, Montessori’s are not the only education program developed to focus on children’s developments. The High- Scope theory is based on Piaget, constructivism, Dewey and Vygotsky (Morrison, 2009). Children help establish curriculum. Experiences guide the programs of studies in promoting children’s active learning (Morrison, 2009). The Reggio Emilia approach founded by Loris Malaguzzi (1920-1994), a city in northern Italy, based on the philosophy and practice; that children are active of their own knowledge (Morrison, 2009). Curriculum is project oriented and learning is active. The Waldorf Education founded by Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) highlights the teaching of the whole child-head, hands, and heart (Morrison, 2009). Steiner strongly believed that education should be holistic. The study of myths, lores, and fairy tales promotes the imagination and multiculturalism (Morrison,2009). Combining all of the early childhood education programs, there is no one perfect curriculum. Today, there is a combination of all four education types being taught in school districts. Each approach is important and critical. Personally, I would agree that The Montessori Method best serves the needs because this approach allows children to grow and learn at their pace. They are not forced to retain information if the brain is not processing at the pace that is requested and required for children. Also, the environment plays a serious role in this learning and teaching process. If a child is in a stressed environment, the child is less likely to participate and socialize with his or her peers. When a child is in a peaceful or beautiful environment, the child is more inclined to interact with the world with a clear mind. Indeed, while there are multiple Early Childhood Education programs available, the Montessori Method was created with the focus of children learning from their environment (Morrison, 2009). Not to say that this particular method is paramount, but beneficial results have emerged from this program. In Head Start facilities, High- Scope, Reggio Emilia Approach, the Montessori Method and the Waldorf Education should be integrated in facilities today and for the future. References Irinyi, M. (2009, March 18). Principles of the montessori prepared environment. Retrieved from http://montessoritraining. blogspot. com/2009/03/principles-of-montessori-prepared. html Morrison, G. S. (2009). Early childhood education today. (11th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. Oswalt, A. (2008, January 17th). Senisitive periods in mental health. Retrieved from http://www. mentalhelp. net/poc/view_doc. php? type=doc&id=7923&cn=28 Shortridge, P. D. (2003). The absorbent mind and the sensitive periods. Retrieved from http://www. pdonohueshortridge. com/children/absorbent. html Stephenson, S. M. (2011). The international Montessori index. Retrieved from http://www. montessori.