What to Include into a Descriptive Essay about London

London may not be the oldest city in the world, but it is certainly one of those that take their history most seriously – at least in terms of keeping to the traditions and saving the heritage of bygone eras. That is why it is not all that difficult to think about something to write in a descriptive essay about London – in fact, it is somewhat more difficult to choose from all the possible topics and stick to your essay word limit. You should probably start with the basic information about the city – the fact that it is a capital of Great Britain, its approximate population, geographical position and so on – however trivial it all may seem to be, your descriptive essay should be complete, so don’t omit any facts just because you think they are not all that interesting. Then you should probably mention some landmarks of the city’s history – in fact, a descriptive essay doesn’t necessarily presuppose reciting the place’s past, but in case of London it would be really hard to describe it in its modern condition without paying due attention to what made it the way it is now. You’d want to mention that it dates back almost two thousand years and was founded as Londinium during the Roman rule. Other notable episodes of the city’s history are also worth mentioning, for example, the Great Fire and the Great Plague. However, don’t focus on them too much – after all, your main interest lies with the city in its modern state. There is, however, a lot to be said about it as well. You will gain greater success if you specialize a little bit, because it is really hard to encompass all the factors in one little essay. For example, you may pay special attention to the ethnic composition of current London population and the size of different religious and cultural groups present there. Or you may follow a well-trodden path and elaborate upon famous historical buildings and places of interest, such as the Tower of London, Houses of Parliament, Buckingham Palace and others. In addition, it is useful to keep in mind that it would be a futile attempt to cram all the information you have on London into one essay. It is hard even with simpler subjects, and in case of such a well-known and ancient city it would be utterly impossible. Samples Download this sample Paper title: Descriptive Essay: â€Å"Visiting California† Academic level: High school Discipline: Geography Paper Format: MLA Sources: 0 Pages: 2 Download this sample Paper title: Descriptive Essay: â€Å"Cultural Life and Traditions of Scotland† Academic level: High school Discipline: Culture Paper Format: APA Sources: 0 Pages: 3 Download this sample Paper title: Descriptive Essay: â€Å"London† Academic level: College (1-2) Discipline: English -101 Paper Format: MLA Sources: 0 Pages: 2

A Career Of Chiropractic Healthcare - 1008 Words

A Career in Chiropractic Healthcare Chiropractors, or doctor of chiropractic, are healthcare professionals who practice the holistic, drugless, healing art of chiropractic. They emphasize health maintenance and disease prevention through proper nutrition, exercise, posture, stress management, and care of the spine and the nervous system. Because of its emphasis on health maintenance, the whole person, and natural healing, it is considered an alternative health care approach (â€Å"Alternative Health Care† 45). Chiropractors use spinal adjustments, manipulation, and other techniques to manage back and neck pain. A career in chiropractic healthcare has many challenges such as: rigid career requirements, unique work environments, rewarding salaries with busy work days, and an increase in future needs. Career Requirements and Qualifications To become a doctor of chiropractic (DC), there is a minimum of six to seven years of education after high school. There is nearly four years pre-medical undergraduate courses including classes like: biology, inorganic and organic chemistry, physics, and psychology. Once accepted into an accredited chiropractic college, the requirements become even more difficult. Years of professional study like adjusting techniques, a significant amount of time is spent in clinical training which is spent evaluating and caring for patients. All fifty states and the District of Columbia require that chiropractors pass a state board to have a license toShow MoreRelatedThe Treat Disorders Of The Sensory System, Spine, And Body By Used Control And Massage875 Words   |  4 Pagescalled doctors of chiropractic or chiropractic doctors, analyze and treat patients whose wellbeing issues are connected with the body s strong, anxious, and skeletal frameworks, particularly the spine. They hold that spinal or vertebral brokenness adjusts numerous significant body capacities by influencing the sensory system and that skeletal imbalance through joint or articular brokenness, particularly in the spine, can bring about torment and brokenness (Kesler, 2016). The chiropractic approach to healthcareRead MoreFactors That Affect Access For Complementary Therapies1190 Words   |  5 PagesCurrently, practitioners of two complementary and alternative medicines are regulated in the same way as practitioners of conventional medicine. They are osteopathy and chiropractic. This regulation is called statutory professional regulation. This regulation makes sure that registered practitioners of osteopathy and chiropractic are properly qualified and that they practise in a way that is safe and ethical, following the standards and codes set by their professional regulators. A regulation existsRead MorePursuing A Career As A Naturopathic Doctor890 Words   |  4 Pagescommitted to pursuing a career as a naturopathic doctor. There are several reasons why I have decided to pursue a career in Naturopathic medicine. First and foremost I want to help people. Septic arthritis in my hip at the age 9 months has led to a lifetime of being constantly involved in many disciplines of the healthcare system. And while medical doctors and surgeons have provided me with the ability to walk and lead a normal life, it was naturopathic and chiropractic doctors that really helpedRead MorePersuasive Speech on Education in Healthcare1099 Words   |  5 PagesPersuasive Speech Topic: Why choosing health care as a career is a smart choice General Purpose: To persuade Specific Purpose: By the end of my speech, my audience should be able to: A. State why health care is a growing field. B. Make an informed decision when choosing a career in health care. Introduction I. Attention-Getting Device: How many students in college know what there career goals are? A. Many students go to college to appease their parents and don’t know whatRead MoreSample Letter For A Medical Records1314 Words   |  6 Pageswork for a small psychiatric practice as a transcriptionist. In this position I developed entry level skills while covering the front desk and transcribing dictated reports. I only remained in this position for a brief period and worked outside of healthcare, as jobs were scarce. In 1996, after returning to Seattle, I accepted a position with Good Samaritan Mental Health Services as a Receptionist. In this position I continued to build my knowledge by performing basic medical office and records functionsRead MoreThe Revolution Of Healthcare And The United States1496 Words   |  6 Pages The Revolution Of Healthcare Imagine a time without Healthcare. Imagine a Society where diseases and deadly viruses could not be treated without having to pay an obscene amount of money. Healthcare in the United States has not always been affordable to everyone, nor has it been of the best quality. Today, healthcare has many discrepancies that still need to be improved. However, the United States has come a long way in the last century. Without these improvements in the system the world we liveRead MoreA Brief Note On Self Management And Customer Service1468 Words   |  6 Pagescustomer service. I have held several jobs prior to the current positon I hold; I was a cashier at Burger King, new employee trainer, waitress, and team lead waitress at Applebee’s. I was a medical biller, medical coder, and office manager at Freeman Chiropractic. The last two position I held were at Michigan Heart and vascular and currently Otsego Memorial Hospital as a patient access specialist (Otsego Memorial Hospital). In a ll of my positions I grew as a person and learned how to work with others andRead MoreMy Career Of Health Service Delivery1141 Words   |  5 PagesMy career in health service delivery began in 1994. I attended Central Texas College where I completed a two-year certificate program in Health Information. After graduation, I worked for a small psychiatric practice as a transcriptionist. In this role I covered the front desk and completed the daily transcribed reports. I only remained in this position for a brief period and worked outside of healthcare, as jobs were scarce. After returning to Seattle, in 1996, I resumed working in healthcareRead MoreHca Dq Wk11011 Words   |  5 Pagesancillary services in health care? How do these ancillary services support the health care industry? Some examples of ancillary services in health care are; testing such as: laboratory, imaging, cardiac monitoring, etc. Therapies such as: dialysis, chiropractic, outpatient rehab, etc. Physician alternatives: such as walk-in clinics and urgent care centers. Post-acute hospital services such as: hospice, inpatient rehab, surgery centers, etc. Medical devices such as durable medical equipment, implantableRead MoreHealth Is Not A Luxury1499 Words   |  6 Pageswhen we say that â€Å"Healthcare† is a basic human right, what do we really mean by that? What is being done to achieve healthcare as a fundamental right of an individual? According to the UN HDI 2014 Statistics report, USA stands at the eighth position in the list of developed countries, quite ahead of Canada, Japan, France, Singapore, yet the condition of healthcare is trailing behind.1 The purpose of this systematic review is to address the key challenges in the current US healthcare system and suggest

Chemical Formulas Free Essays

The Determination of a Chemical Formula 1 Second, you will conduct a chemical reaction with the dried sample, which will produce elemental copper. By measuring the mass of copper that forms, you will have the necessary information to determine the moles of copper and chlorine in your sample, and you will be able to establish the proper chemical formula. OBJECTIVES †¢ †¢ †¢ In this experiment, you will Ev al Determine the water of hydration in a copper chloride hydrate sample. We will write a custom essay sample on Chemical Formulas or any similar topic only for you Order Now Conduct a reaction between a solution of copper chloride and solid aluminum. Use the results of the reaction to determine the mass and moles of Cu and Cl in the reaction. †¢ Calculate the empirical formula of the copper chloride compound. ua tio In this experiment, you will use the law of definite proportions to find the chemical formula for a hydrated compound containing copper, chlorine, and water molecules locked in the crystal structure of the solid compound. The general formula for the compound is CuxCly†¢zH2O, and its name is copper chloride hydrate. The letters x, y, and z represent integers that will establish the proper chemical formula for this substance.First, you will gently heat a sample of the compound to drive off the water of hydration. By measuring the mass of the sample before and after heating you can determine the amount of water in the sample and identify the value of z. n co One of the challenges in finding the proper chemical formula for a compound is that there may be more than one plausible mole ratio for the elements in that compound. Dalton called this the law of multiple proportions. For example, if you were testing a compound that contained iron and sulfur, the plausible chemical formula could be FeS or Fe2S3.However, if you determine the mass of iron and the mass of sulfur present in a given mass of the compound, you will be able to establish the true chemical formula of the compound. py John Dalton was an Englishman, a teacher, and an exceptional theoretical chemist. He developed and wrote the modern atomic theory at the turn of the 19th century (documents point to 1803). He was influenced by the experiments of two Frenchmen, Antoine Lavoisier and Joseph Louis Proust. A fundamental component of the modern atomic theory is that the mole ratios of elements in a compound will be small whole numbers (law of definite proportions).The whole number mole ratio is commonly referred to as the empirical formula of a compound. Advanced Chemistry with Vernier 1-1 Computer 1 MATERIALS crucible with cover crucible tongs spatula ring stand, ring, and clay triangle lab burner 50 mL beaker Buchner funnel and filter flask filter paper to fit Buchner funnel watch glass unknown solid copper chloride hydrate aluminum wire, 20 gauge 6 M hydrochloric acid, HCl, solution 95% ethanol solution distilled water wash bottle balance glass stirring rod heat lamp or drying oven PROCEDURE 1. Obtain and wear goggles. . Measure and record the mass of a clean, dry crucible without cover. Obtain about 1 g of the unknown copper chloride hydrate and place it in the crucible. Use a spatula to break up any large pieces of the substance by pressing the pieces against the wall of the crucible. Measure and record the mass of the crucible with compound. 3. Set up a ring stand, ring, and clay triangle for heating the sample. Rest the crucible on the clay triangle. Set up a lab burner and ignite the burner away from the crucible. Adjust the burner to get a small flame. 4.Hold the burner in your hand and move the flame slowly back and forth underneath the crucible to gently heat the sample. Do not overheat the compound. Note the color change, from blue-green to brownish, as the water of hydration is driven out of the crystals. When the sample has turned brown, gently heat the crucible for two more minutes. 5. Remove and turn off the burner. Cover the crucible and allow the sample to cool for about ten minutes. 6. Remove the crucible cover and inspect your sample. If you see any blue-green crystals, reheat the sample until the crystals have turned brown. . Measure and record the mass of the cool crucible of your copper chloride sample. 8. Transfer the brown solid to a clean and empty 50 mL beaker. Rinse out the crucible with two 8 mL aliquots of distilled water and pour the water into the 50 mL beaker. Gently swirl the beaker to completely dissolve the solid. Note that the color of the solution is green as the copper ions are rehydrated. 9. Measure out about 20 cm of aluminum wire, coil the wire, and place the wire in the beaker of solution so that it is completely immersed in the copper chloride solution.Note that the reaction produces a gas, elemental copper is forming on the surface of the aluminum wire, and the color of the solution is fading. The reaction will take about 30 minutes to complete. 10. When the reaction is done, the solution will be colorless. Most of the elemental copper will be on the aluminum wire. Add 5 drops of 6 M HCl solution to dissolve any insoluble aluminum salts in the mixture, which should make the solution clear. CAUTION: Handle the hydrochloric acid with care. It can cause painful burns if it comes in contact with the skin. 1-2 Advanced Chemistry with VernierThe Determination of a Chemical Formula 11. Use a glass stirring rod to scrape off as much copper as possible from the Al wire. Slide the wire up the wall of the beaker and out of the solution with the glass stirrer and rinse off any remaining copper with distilled water. If any of the copper refuses to wash off the aluminum wire, wash it with one or two drops of 6 M HCl solution. Put the Al wire aside. 12. Collect and wash the copper produced in the reaction. a. Set up a Buchner funnel for vacuum filtration. b. Obtain a piece of filter paper. Measure and record its mass, and then place the filter paper on the funnel.Start the vacuum filtration. c. Use small amounts of distilled water to wash all of the copper onto the filter paper on the Buchner funnel. Use the glass stirring rod to break up the larger pieces of copper. d. Wash the copper twice more with small amounts of distilled water. 13. Turn off the suction on the vacuum filtration apparatus. Add 10 mL of 95% ethanol to the copper on the filter paper and let it sit for about 1 minute. Turn the suction back on and let the vacuum filtration run for about five minutes. 14. Measure and record the mass of a clean, dry watch glass. Transfer the copper to the watch glass.Make sure that you have scraped all of the copper onto the watch glass. 15. Dry the watch glass of copper under a heat lamp or in a drying oven for five minutes. When the watch glass is cool enough to touch, measure the mass of the watch glass plus copper. Repeat the drying and weighing of the copper until you are sure that it is completely dry. 16. Dispose of the copper, aluminum wire, and filtered liquid as directed. DATA TABLE Mass of crucible (g) Mass of crucible and hydrated sample (g) Mass of hydrated sample (g) Mass of crucible and dehydrated sample (g) Mass of dehydrated sample (g) Mass of water evolved (g) Mass of empty watch glass g) Mass of watch glass and copper (g) Mass of copper (g) Advanced Chemistry with Vernier 1-3 Computer 1 DATA ANALYSIS 1. How many moles of water were in your sample of copper chloride hydrate? 2. How many moles of copper were in your sample of copper chloride? 3. How many moles of chlorine were in your sample of copper chloride? 4. Write the proper chemical formula for the compound that you tested. 1-4 Advanced Chemistry with Vernier Vernier Lab Safety Instructions Disclaimer THIS IS AN EVALUATION COPY OF THE VERNIER STUDENT LAB.This copy does not include: Safety information Essential instructor background information Directions for preparing solutions Important tips for successfully doing these labs The complete Advanced Chemistry with Vernier lab manual includes 35 labs and essential teacher information.The full lab book is available for purchase at: http://www. vernier. com/cmat/chema. html Vernier Software Technology 13979 S. W. Millikan Way †¢ Beaverton, OR 97005-2886 Toll Free (888) 837-6437 †¢ (503) 277-2299 †¢ FAX (503) 277-2440 info@vernier. com †¢ www. vernier. com How to cite Chemical Formulas, Papers

Database Design and Development

Question: Discuss about the Database Design and Development. Answer: Entity Relationship Diagram of CQ-Council information system Figure 1: Entity relations Diagram (Source: Created by author) Business rules and assumption Presently in this circumstance, the suburban zone is under the CQ-Council, they need to partition every zone according to the solicitation of their applicants. They need to develop an information system to store the record of each activity of this suburban area. Here the developer assumed the following business rules to develop their information system. They additionally have some review officers these officers examine the issues in this rural zone and resolve their issues. The CQ-Council need to store these subtle elements on this information system. These substances contain some more critical business rules, where they can confirm each issue by going to the candidate's place. However, when their complaints are valid, then CQ-Council will take it as a valid application, which must follow the council policy. Any application, which does not follow the council policy mark as an unsuccessful application. Here the candidates send their application just for the residential and commercial zone. This information system likewise keeps tracking the data that is related to the lots if anything else it will consequently reject such applications. Here if anybody needs to separate their part into two plots, they have sent the application to the committee. This board additionally give four kinds of administrations, for example, a subdivision of a considerable plot or merge of plots, tree evaluation, development of new building or decimation of an existing building and augmentation of any building. 3NF Relations The relations showing in the above figure (1) are normalized in 3NF. Here these relations are showing underneath in required format. Lotowner (lotownercode, lwname, lwcontactno, lwaccountinfo, lwotherdetails) Buildercategory (bccode, bcname, bctype) Inspectorofficer (serialcode, name, address, contact) Plotcollectionaggreement (pcacode, pcaname, pcaadditionalinfo) Clearancechecking (ccid, ecid, iocode, checkingrequireservice, statement, assesmentid) Foreign key (assesmentid) references assesment (assesmentid) Entryclerance (ecid, ecname, ecarea, eclanddesc, ecstatus) Builderinformation (bcode, buildername, bccode, builderplotcode, workstatuscode) Foreign key (bccode) references buildercategory (bccode) Foreign key (builderplotcode) references buildingspecification (bscode) Foreign key (workstatuscode) references builderworkstatus (workstatuscode) Landlotdetails (lldcode, placename, pincode, areapincode, volumeinsqurefeet, lotownercode, plottype, pcacode) Foreign key (areapincode) references objectionforplot (areapincode) Foreign key (lotownercode) references lotowner (lotownercode) Foreign key (pcacode) references plotcollectionaggreement (pcacode) Assesment (assesmentid, assesmentname, result, avalability) Region (regionid, areaofregion, superviseid, regiondetails, volumn, regiontype, atcode, areapincode) Foreign key (superviseid) references councilsupervisor (cscode) Foreign key (regiontype) references typeofregion (regiontypecode) Foreign key (atcode) references advertisetype (atcode) Foreign key (areapincode) references objectionforplot (areapincode) Objectionforplot (areapincode, areaname, details) Buildingspecification (bscode, bsname, bsdetails, processpolicycode) Builderworkstatus (workstatuscode, reputrationstatus, builderratingpoint) Objectionapplications (oaid, applicantname, oatype, contact) Advertise (adcode, adname, addatetime, addesc, atcode) Foreign key (atcode) references advertisetype (atcode) Advertisetype (atcode, atypedetails, atyperating) Typeofregion (regiontypecode, regiontyname, details) Areaobstruct (aobscode, arealoc, areavolumn, areapincode) Foreign key (areapincode) references objectionforplot (areapincode) Objection (ocode, date, issuesinplotarea, oaid, reportpersoncode, plotobjectiontypecode) Foreign key (oaid) references objectionapplications (oaid) Foreign key (reportpersoncode) references lotowner (lotownercode) Foreign key (plotobjectiontypecode) references objectiontype (potcode) Objectiontype (potcode, type, subject, objectionautority) Noobjection (nob_id, applicantname, certifyauthority, detailscertification, ocode) Councilsupervisor (cscode, cs_name, contactnumber, departmentid) Foreign key (departmentid) references councildepartment (departmentid) Councildepartment (departmentid, name, role, type) Bibliography Coronel, C. and Morris, S., 2016. Database systems: design, implementation, management. Cengage Learning. du Plessis, H. and Van Niekerk, A., 2014. A new GISc framework and competency set for curricula development at South African universities. South African Journal of Geomatics, 3(1), pp.1-12. Harris, R.B., Harris, K. and Eplion, D., 2013. A Database Design and Development Case. Information Systems Education Journal, 11(5), p.4. Larman, C., 2012. Applying UML and Patterns: An Introduction to Object Oriented Analysis and Design and Interative Development. Pearson Education India. Lee, J.K., Lee, J., Jeong, Y.S., Sheward, H., Sanguinetti, P., Abdelmohsen, S. and Eastman, C.M., 2012. Development of space database for automated building design review systems. Automation in Construction, 24, pp.203-212. Mitrovic, A. and Suraweera, P., 2016. Teaching Database Design with Constraint-Based Tutors. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 26(1), pp.448-456. Parks, R.F. and Hall, C., 2016. Front-End and Back-End Database Design and Development: Scholars Academy Case Study. Information Systems Education Journal, 14(2), p.58. Tomi, J., Bogojevi, N., Tati, B. and oki, Z., 2012, October. Design And Implementation Of On Line Database Of Noise Sources. In Proceedings of 23rd national and 4th international conference Noise and Vibration, Ni (pp. 17-19).

Smoking Effects, Reasons and Solutions

Character Analysis Of Frankensteins Monster

Character Analysis Of Frankensteins Monster The Monster The mention of the name "Frankenstein" from Mary Shelley's gothic work conjures up an image of a grotesque, ogre-like monster whose only instinct is to murder and take life. Victor Frankenstein's scientific creation is, in fact, quite misshapen and ugly physically, yet it possesses mental qualities that are much more human than monstrous. As the Monster experiences more and more sensations in the world, he gains qualities that are increasingly human. In reality, the monstrosity of the creature is only skin deep, for within his wretched body resides the heart of a compassionate and gentle child. Frankenstein's creature is truly more human than monster based on his innocent nature, his thirst for knowledge, and the complex range of emotions he experiences throughout the novel.From his awakening, the Monster exhibits an innocent and gentle nature, one reminiscent of a curious child first entering the world. After awakening Victor and unintentionally frightening him away, the Monster becomes confused.exophagy.com Frankenstein (1910 film)He later admits that he "sat down and wept" (Shelley 129) after being left alone. He is not instinctively an angry or out of control creature; he is simply afraid, as would be any creature when left alone only hours after birth. There is nothing monstrous about this behavior that, though childlike, is normal human conduct. The monster later recalls that his soul "glowed with love and humanity" (96) during his childhood. The Monster confronts Victor again in the frozen wilderness. Victor immediately threatens the monster and tries to fight it. Rather than fight back (as he could easily overpower the feeble Frankenstein), he says, "I will not be tempted to set myself in opposition to thee" (95). This is a very advanced decision for the Monster. Even most human children would fight back in this situation, whereas the...

Role of family environment in adult criminality Essay

Role of family environment in adult criminality - Essay Example Juvenile delinquency is the display of criminal attitude by youngsters in the age of transition into adulthood while adult criminality is the display of violent behaviors in adulthood. A whole range of antisocial behaviors are displayed by the juvenile delinquents that include but are not limited to drug abuse, alcohol abuse, vandalism, rape, weapon possession, bullying, school malpractices, truancy, and cultism which make them criminal as grownups. There is a growing consensus among the analysts that adult crime finds its roots in the family environment an individual spends his/her childhood in (Eitle and Turner, 2002, p. 215). There is dire need to realize the specific factors ingrained in the corrupt family environment which are responsible for enhancing a child’s tendency to land in the world of crime. This paper aims at discussing some of the ways in which children gain negative influences from the family environment. Antisocial behavior of parents increases their children’s tendency to become delinquent and antisocial. Several studies including McCord (1977) and Robins (1979) have depicted the criminality of parents as the causal factor behind the child delinquency. Family factors have been identified as strong determinants of criminality in children. We know that children who grow up in homes are characterized by lack of warmth and support, whose parents lack behavior management skills, and whose lives are characterized by conflict or maltreatment will more likely be delinquent, whereas a supportive family can protect children even in a very hostile and damaging external environment. (Smith and Stern, 1997, p. 383). In Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, the most comprehensive research upon family offence was conducted that included 400 males of all ages in the range of 8 years to 48 years (Farrington et al., 2006). The researchers predicted a boy’s convictions due to his relationship with a convicted brother, sister, father or mother. It was found that each of these relatives had his/her own independent significance as predictor, though the level of influence was controlled by certain factors including gender and age. 63 per cent of the convicted boys had convicted fathers as compared to 30 per cent of the boys tha t had non-convicted fathers. In determining the influence of relationships upon a boy’s delinquency, same-sex relationships were found to be more influential in comparison to the opposite-sex relationships. Also, the influence of criminality of elder siblings was found to be more than that of younger siblings. Sexual abuse that girls experience at home triggers the motivation in them to run away with a view to escaping the abuse they are offered at home (Siegel and Williams, 2003, p. 71). This act of leaving the home may results into an incarceration along with different kinds of offending. In order to make their living while away from home, many girls become thieves or prostitutes. A lot of retrospective investigations have found the origin of prostitution in the childhood sexual abuse. Studies by Reich and Gutierres (1979) and Ames and Widom (1998) have shown that sexual abuse at home is a predictor of running away from home with a great statistical significance. A research directed at exploring the causes of male and female runaways determined that sexual abuse was a reason for leaving home only for females (Welsh et al., 1995). Child neglect and abuse may cause improper development of several areas of brain which may become the root-cause of impaired physical, emotional and psychological development. Certain regions of the brain may display a hyperarousal response as a result of the stress caused by the chronic abuse. Its consequences may include but are not limited to sleep disturbance, hyperactivity, and tension. Besides, it increases an individual’s vulnerability to attention deficit disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder,

Business Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Accounting - Essay Example Acer Group generated revenues of $14.74 billion in 2012 (Acer-group, 2012). Its revenues decreased by 9.62% in comparison with the previous year. The gross profit of the company was $1.48 billion and its gross margin equaled 10.04%. Gross margin is a measure of the broad profitability of the company. Despite its solid broad profitability the company incurred in net losses for the year of $99.88 million. Its net losses for 2012 were lower than the 2011 losses of $226.59 million. The net margin of the firm was -0.68%. Net margin measures the absolute profitability of a firm. The return on assets (ROA) of Acer Group was -0.04%. ROA indicates how profitable a firm is in relation to its assets (Investopedia, 2013). The return on assets of Acer Group was bad for two reasons. First the metric result was negative. A negative ROA is an undesirable outcome. The second reason is that it was below the computer industry average ROA of 4.4% (Dun & Bradstreet, 2013). The return on equity (ROE) of t he firm was -0.13%. Acer Group’s return on equity is much lower than the industry average of 9.7%. The current ratio measures the ability of a company to pay off its short term debt (Accountingexplained, 2013). This ratio is calculated dividing current assets by current liabilities. Acer Group had a current ratio of 1.19. Its current ratio is acceptable because is above the 1.0 threshold, but it is 1.01 below the industry average current ratio of 2.20. The quick ratio is another liquidity metric. It is calculated similarly than the current ratio with the exception that inventory is subtracted from current assets in the numerator of the formula. The quick ratio of Acer Group was 0.89 which is lower than the industry average of 1.50. The working capital of a business is calculated subtracting current liabilities from current assets. Acer Group had a working capital in 2012 of $954,888,000. This metric measures the ability of the company to pay off its short term debt using sole ly its current assets. The debt ratio measures how much a company relies on debt to finance its assets (Investorwords, 2013). It is calculated dividing total debt by total assets. Acer Group had a debt ratio in 2012 of 0.67. Considering its size the company is not too leveraged which allows the option of using additional debt in the future to expand. The debt to equity ratio of the organization was 0.49. This ratio measures the amount of assets being provided by creditors for each dollar of assets being provided by stockholders (Garrison & Noreen, 2003). The debt to equity ratio of Acer Group is lower than the industry average of 0.82. Acer Group has depended less on debt than its competition. The inventory turnover of the company was 8.91. This implies that the company sold its inventory nearly nine times during the year. The average sale period of the firm was 40.95 days, thus it took the company less than 41 days to sell its entire inventory. The asset to sales ratio of the busin ess was 52.77% which is slightly below the industry standard of 53.40%. The sale to working capital ratio of the firm was 15.43. This ratio is good considering the fact that the industry standard is only 3.50. The times interest earned ratio measures the company’s ability to make interest payments. Acer Group had a times interest earned ratio of 1.25. Task 2 The common stocks of Acer are trading in the market under the symbol ACEIF. The stocks were priced at $3.02 as of December 25, 2013 (Yahoo, 2013).

Sensory Perceptions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Sensory Perceptions - Essay Example This brief overview will examine the sensory perceptions and the factors that affect the authenticity and believability of information from the sensory nerves. Several reasons make people trust their sensory information and believe this information to be true. For instance, in the event that one places his hand on a hot charcoal or pot, the feeling sense sends an impulse to the brain, and one removes the hand from the hot object before it is badly burnt (Miller, 2008). Further, the sense of smell is always accurate, and one can rely on that information to make informed decisions. The smell of smoke can indicate that an item is burning or that there is a fire burning somewhere. There is no reason for one to question the accuracy of the sense of smell. Furthermore, human sense of sight provides reliable information concerning the nature and appearance of the environment that surrounds people (Chaudhuri, 2011). For instance, if an individual sees a person running in the field, there is no doubt that indeed that person is running. Further, one cannot be doubtful of the fact that his eyes can see that there is a heavy down pour in the neighborhood. On the contrary, sensory information can be inaccurate in several ways. For instance, past experiences influence the interpretation of the sensory information and end up giving wrong information to the person who is observing a situation (Chaudhuri, 2011). It is possible for a person with past unpleasant experience of infidelity to misunderstand a woman she notices speaking to her husband. Further, the sensory nerves do not perceive hidden things, and if people rely on this information, they might end up in danger. For instance, the eyes might not spot a thug hiding behind a tree, and one might make wrong judgments that one can walk in the street at night safely (Miller, 2008). The final reason that makes sensory information inaccurate is that people never interpret data from the sensory organs accurately

Implementing an Electronic Health Record System

Implementing an Electronic Health Record System Implementing Electronic Health Record System Based on HL7 RIM -Reusing the RIM Model Archetypes Nancy Mittal Abstract: It is difficult to exchange healthcare information between different HealthCare Systems. Health Level Seven is a universal standard to facilitate the communication between different HealthCare Systems. Electronic Health Record System is a software platform that store patient health data which maintained by hospital and medical practice. Health Level 7 Reference Information Model was studied to provide the interoperability between different HealthCare Systems. In this paper, we studied about the various version of Health Level Seven standard including HL7 v2.x, HL7 v3.0, HL7 RIM. This paper focused on how the existing structure of HL7 is improved by reusing the HL7 RIM classes such as Act, Role, and Entity etc each are associated with set of attributes. It explains to modify the existing structure of HL7, need to modify the HL7 RIM because HL7 RIM model provide the structure of HL7. This paper also explained the role based queries are performed by the interested stakeholders like pati ents, doctors and hospitals. In this new structural form, role based information is maintained in the centralize database. This research fills the gap between skilled and semi-skilled users and query is performed on role base. Keywords: HL7, RIM, Role, Archetypes 1. Introduction: With the continuous development of health records, maintain and exchange the information in different HealthCare systems has become unavoidable. So, the communication between different hospitals or between different HealthCare system need to improved. Electronic Health Record is a repository of health information in a digital format about an individual patient or population managed by hospitals or medical practice that shared across different HealthCare Systems. It reduces the chances of data replication. More organizations adopt EHR; physicians, nurses and clinicians have greater access to patient information which helps in accurate diagnosis and complete data helps to ensure the best possible care. Electronic Health Record (EHR) system is needed to focus on two requirements: dynamic involvement of different hospitals, patients and HealthCare Systems And the way of maintaining the information. Standard compliant EHR provide facility of communication and to exchange information of patients between different hospitals, doctors, HealthCare systems. Each patient has his own queries respective to their role in the system. The query interface is designed to provide the effective knowledge among different kind of patients, hospitals. Health Level Seven: Heath Level Seven is a standard developing organisation accredited by ANSI (American National Standard Institute) founded in 1987. HL7[1] name refers the top layer of the OSI (Open System Interconnection) layer protocol for the health environment. HL7 specifies a number of various standards health information and also provide communication between different HealthCare System. Standard are the set of rules that allow information to be shared in standardized and reliable manner. HL7 messaging standard: There are two main HL7 messaging standard HL7 v2.x and HL7 v3.0. HL7 v2.x is also called as pipe hat. This standard provides the interoperability specification for health and medical transaction. HL7 v2.x message format are in human readable ASCII and non XML encoding syntax. It supports administrative, logistical, financial as well as clinical messages. HL7 v3.0 provides the interoperability specification for health and medical transaction based on RIM (Reference Information Model). HL7 v3.0 message format based on XML encoding syntax and also on HDF (formal methodology) and object oriented principle. It supports only clinical data. Movement from HL7 v2 to HL7 v3 is that v3 would be model driven methodology means v3 standard support healthcare workflows through modelling; the end result maximize reuse and increase consistency in HL7 specification. Another[2] HL7 v2.7 supports all HealthCare department data for exchange between different HealthCare systems. It reduces the custom interface programming. But it is not plug and play; and not support transaction processing feature. Table1.Difference between HL7 v2.x and HL7 v3.0 HL7 RIM[3] (Reference Information Model): The HL7 Reference Information Model provides the structural information of HL7 in the form of information classes. HL7 RIM is an object oriented model to make compatible the HL7 specification interoperability to all domains. It is important part of the HL7 v3.0 development model. It increases precision and reducing implementation costs. HL7 RIM is based on UML (Unified Modelling Language). Reference information model has five components: Subject Area (major part of am model), class (about which information is collected), Relationship (relation between classes), attribute (information about class), and data type (specification of the format of an attribute). RIM has six main important classes: Act- It represents actions that are executed by entity. Entity: These are the physical things that take part in health care. Role: Role that entity plays as they participate in health care Participation: It represent context for an act such as who perform, for whom and where. ActRelationship: It represents the relationship between actions. RoleLink: It represents the relationship between roles. 2. Related Work: Electronic health record system based on health level seven, and HL7 used to provide the communication between different HealthCare systems, most of the research studies show perplexing which is further discussed in this paper review. Tung Tran, Hwa-Sun Kim[[1]] studied the research on,†A Development of HL7 Middleware for Medical Device Communication† to developed HL7 compliant middleware. Researcher used HL7 as a middleware to facilitate data transfer to information system in hospitals. Middleware has capability of receiving data from monitoring device and converting into HL7 data type format. It receive raw data from medical devices and convert to HL7 data and passed to HIS based on HL7 interface engine. Li-Fan Ko, Jen-Chiun Lin, Chi-Huang Chen, Jie-Sheng Chang, Faipei Lai[[2]] concluded the research on,†HL7 Middleware Framework for Healthcare Information System. Researchers introduce HL7 and web services standard into framework which is basically Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). HL7 directly transmitted data over transport layer protocol TCP/IP: for small application HL7 message over TCP are simple and easy to implement; for larger application, system become complex and attacker increases. This research solved that problem by introducing web services which provide interoperation between software systems. Jennifer Munnelly[[3]] in his research study on, HL7 Healthcare Information Management Using Aspect-Oriented Programming focused the modification in application department without the requirement modification into complete structure by using HL7.Researcher suggested introduce HL7 functionality into exiting application without any modification through AOP. Wooshik Kim[[4]] studied the research on, Integration of IEEE 1451 and HL7 Exchanging Information for Patients’ Sensor Data showed the IEEE 1451 concerned with smart transducer and having plug –play capabilities. Patients wear sensors that measure the patient’s status in real time and transmitted these data to remote sites such as hospital. HL7 accepted this kind of data and interpreted with various online sensor data. Pasquale De Meo[[5]] studied on, Integration of the HL7 Standard in a Multiagent System to Support Personalized Access to e-Health Services. In this paper, he presented a system which has multi agents to maintain patients in seek of health related services in e-health care by using various algorithms PPB, DS-PPB, AB. This proposed system increases the quality service and effectiveness. Maqbool Hussain[[6]] concluded his research on, Healthcare Applications Interoperability through Implementation of HL7 Web Service Basic Profile studied all phases of web service component that implement HL7 Web Service Basic Profile. It is branch of the transportation subsystem progressed at NUST School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Pakistan. Naeem Khalid Janjua[[7]] in research study presented work on, Digital Health Care Ecosystem: SOA Compliant HL7 based Health Care Information Interchange and proposed Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) based HL7 system design for patient information and showed the translation from HL7 V2 to V3 and mapping between database and user query. Sara Gaion[[8]] researched on, Design of a Domain Model for Clinical Engineering within the HL7 Reference Information Model. This paper develop a DIM (Domain Information Model) by providing the HL7 RIM to clinical engineering in a particular domain. This paper represent clinical engineering information in the HL7 RIM (Reference Information Model) with the reason of developing a HL7 v3 RIM model based on DIM (Domain Information Model) dedicated to CE(Clinical Engineering) by reuse of standard healthcare information models and show the process of repairing and maintenance of device used in hospital. N.A. Mamani Macedo[[9]] studied the research on, Electronic Health Record: Comparative Analysis of HL7 and Open EHR Approaches. This paper showed the comparison between HL7 and openEHR to automatism a Patient’s Record in any hospital which adopted: HL7 and OpenEHR. The method includes analyzing each way, defining some criteria of evaluation, design a comparative chart. 3. Design model: The work is defined with the specification of the hospital and the relative attributes and the functional specification. It defines the role and requirement to specify the functional dependencies and its requirements. The role is defined for all the interested patients and hospitals and all interested users are connected to it along with their specified roles. The hospital is responsible for the information updating as well as to generate the query that queried by patients to obtain the information access about the patient, disease or diagnose. Complete information is defined in the form of centralized repository. Model is in the form of a query interface in which the communication to the system and different hospitals maintain the information in different way so that the mapping is required between the query set and the hospitals. To establish this mapping, the structural constructs for the system are defined so that the functional based information transition will be take place. Steps in implementation model First step is role identification and analysis: Users in this system are patients and hospitals(health organization). Role is defined for all the interested users ,patients and hospitals and they are coonnected to it along with their hospitals. Second step is role specific query generation: Hospitals is reasponsible for the information updating as wel as to generate the query that queried by patients to obtain the information access about the patient,disease and diagnose. Third step is query filteration and mapping done by RIM model: Complete information is defined in the form of centralized dataset.Model in the form of query interface in which the communication to the system and diff hospitals maintain the information in diff way. So that mapping is required between query set and hospitals. Last step query result are extraced. 4. Conclusion: In changing the structure of HL7 and increasing the reusability over existing HL7 RIM model by reuse the RIM model archetypes. HL7 standard facilitate to exchange and sharing the healthcare information among different hospitals or in between different healthcare systems. We concluded that we extract the existing HL7 RIM model and improve the reusability over existing model by reusing the classes of RIM model and implement the user interface to accept request from different users and process the role base Queries. References: [1] Health Level Seven (HL7), http://www.hl7.org. [2] Explorative study of healthcare data Interchange standards [3]http://www.openhre.org/local/rim202/rim.htm#Acts-sbj [[1]] Tung, Kim, Cho,† A Development of HL7 Middleware for Medical Device Communication†, Fifth International Conference on Software Engineering Research, Management and Applications [[2]] Li-Fan Ko, Jen-Chiun Lin, Chi-Huang Chen, Jie-Sheng Chang, Faipei Lai,† HL7 Middleware Framework for Healthcare Information System†. Basically framework is service oriented architecture (SOA)†. [[3]] Jennifer Munnelly, HL7 Healthcare Information Management Using Aspect-Oriented Programming, International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems, pp 1 – 4 ¸2009 [[4]] Wooshik Kim, Integration of IEEE 1451 and HL7 Exchanging Information for Patients’ Sensor Data, J Med Syst, pp 1033–1041, 2010 [[5]] Pasquale De Meo, Integration of the HL7 Standard in a Multiagent System to Support Personalized Access to e-Health Services, IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, pp 1244 1260, 2011 [[6]] Maqbool Hussain, Healthcare Applications Interoperability through Implementation of HL7 Web Service Basic Profile, Sixth International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations, pp 308 313 ¸2009 [[7]][7] Naeem Khalid Janjua, Digital Health Care Ecosystem: SOA Compliant HL7 based Health Care Information Interchange, 3rd IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies, pp 329 – 334, 2009 [[8]] [8] Sara Gaion, Design of a Domain Model for Clinical Engineering within the HL7 Reference Information Model, IEEE Workshop on Health Care Management, pp 1 6 , 2010 [[9]] N.A. Mamani Macedo, Electronic Health Record: Comparative Analysis of HL7 and Open EHR Approaches, Pan American Health Care Exchange, pp 105 – 110, 2010

john kerry :: essays research papers

Kerry's rivals wax optimistic Massachusetts senator goes for third weekend win Howard Dean braves the cold weather to speak to supporters outside of a caucus site in Bangor, Maine. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Story Tools -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CNN ELECTION EXPRESS On the campaign trail: The latest Express Line dispatch VIDEO Kerry wins caucuses in Washington state and Michigan. PLAY VIDEO -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Kerry sharpens his attack on the Bush administration. PLAY VIDEO -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GOP may target Kerry by labeling him a "Massachusetts liberal." PLAY VIDEO RELATED Gallery: Analyzing the results Gallery: On the campaign trail Gallery: The candidates, up closer -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- †¢ Kerry labels Bush 'extreme' †¢ Dean loses endorsement †¢ Edwards focuses on the South †¢ Analyzing Michigan, Washington †¢ Poll: Kerry has national appeal DEMOCRATIC CONTESTS †¢ Sunday, February 8: Maine caucuses †¢ Tuesday, February 10: Tennessee and Virginia primaries †¢Tuesday, February 17: Wisconsin primary When is your primary? For more key dates in the 2004 election season, see our special America Votes 2004 Election Calendar SPECIAL REPORT †¢ Complete February 3 results †¢ Upcoming Races: Washington, Michigan, Maine †¢ Delegate Scorecard †¢ Primary Explainer †¢ Special Report YOUR E-MAIL ALERTS America Votes 2004s Presidential Race Democratic candidates Presidential primaries or Create your own Manage alerts | What is this? BANGOR, Maine (CNN) -- Democrats across Maine braved frigid winds Sunday to have their say in presidential caucuses in which 24 delegates to the party's nominating convention are up for grabs. Front-runner Sen. John Kerry of neighboring Massachusetts entered the Maine contest with the momentum from two dominant first-place showings in Saturday's caucuses in Washington and Michigan. Kerry also has the endorsements of Maine's Democratic governor, John Baldacci, and former U.S. Sen. George Mitchell. A win in Maine would be his 10th victory in 12 primaries and caucuses. Former Vermont Gov. Howard Dean, struggling to revive his once-promising campaign, was the only candidate barnstorming the state Sunday, making stops in six cities, hoping his fellow New Englanders don't give him the cold shoulder. "Maine folks are just like Vermont people -- they're very independent. And that's a great place to start the turnaround," Dean said after greeting supporters in Bangor who braved sub-zero wind chill to cheer their candidate. Results from the caucuses were expected from party officials about 9 p.m. Dean finished second in both caucuses Saturday. He got 30 percent of the delegate support in Washington, his best showing in any of the nominating contests held so far. But he was nearly 20 points behind Kerry, and 35 points behind him in Michigan.

Ihg’s Corporate Strategy: “The Winning Ways”

IHG’s corporate strategy: ‘The winning ways’ IHG’s mission statement is: ‘to become the greatest company in the world through creating great hotels guests love’. IHG’s road map for growth is dependent on engagement and high performance from the entire workforce. In order to achieve this, IHG designed a set of values, known as ‘the winning ways’. The winning ways serve as ‘a road map’, which enables IHG to reach their long-term vision. IHG’s winning ways will act as the foundation for how they go about their business. More specifically, the winning ways are fundamental to enhancing relationships with guests, colleagues and business owners. This new way of working will also support and drive the organization’s growth. But what are the winning ways and how exactly will one measure the strategy’s success? The winning ways are as follows: Do The Right Thing – â€Å"We aim to do what we believe is right and have the courage and conviction to put it into practice. We are honest and straightforward and see our decisions through. † Show We Care – â€Å"We want to be a company that understands people’s needs better than anyone else in our industry. This means being sensitive to others, noticing the things that matter and taking responsibility for getting things right. Aim Higher – â€Å"We aim to be acknowledged industry leaders, and have built a team of talented people who have a will to be the best. We strive for success and we value individuals who are always looking for better ways to do things. † Celebrate Difference – â€Å"We believe it is the knowledge of our people that brings our brands to life. We do not impose a rigid, uniform view of the world. Our global strength comes from celebrating local differences, while knowing that some things should be the same. † Work Better Together – â€Å"We are at our best when we collaborate to form a powerful team. We listen to each other and combine our expertise to create a strong, focused, supportive and trusted team of people. † The winning ways outline IHG’s culture as being a world leading hotel group. This unique strategy has been rolled out across the entire group and in order to measure the success of the winning ways, employee satisfaction surveys are used. Basically, IHG acknowledges that their people are the most important element for success, because they are responsible for bringing IHG’s brands (within IHG, there are seven hotel brands) to life for guests. IHG uses its’ winning ways strategy to put personnel ‘in the spotlight’ and therefore making employees satisfied, in which they will portray their gratification towards guests. In conclusion, IHG’s winning ways strategy is a smart, yet simple approach to reach their mission statement. The winning ways can also be referred to as their guideline or bible to guide the hotel group towards their long-term vision. IHG’s winning ways are how personnel should behave on a daily basis; a set of behaviors based on their values which is ultimately absorbed by the entire workforce and transferred to the guests. By creating a consistent and reliable workforce, IHG can be sure that their winning ways strategy is the perfect route to success, because after all, guest satisfaction is everything in the hotel industry. References Robert Dransfield (2001), Corporate Strategy – 1st edition, Guildford, England, Heinemann Laura Pratt (2011), Hotelier Magazine – People Pleasers: IHG Aims to Please as Pinnacles 2011 Company of the Year Allison Shirreffs (2011), Atlanta Business Chronicle – InterContinental Hotels Group: Best places to work InterContinental Hotels Group corporate website: http://www. ihgplc. com/index. asp [pic]

The Different Meanings and Uses of Economic Efficiency

The Different Meanings and Uses of Economic Efficiency Generally speaking, economic efficiency refers to a market outcome that is optimal for society. Â  In the context of welfare economics, an outcome that is economically efficient is one that maximizes the size of the economic value pie that a market creates for society. Â  In an economically efficient market outcome, there are no available Pareto improvements to be made, and the outcome satisfies what is known as the Kaldor-Hicks criterion. More specifically, economic efficiency is a term typically used in microeconomics when discussing production. Production of a unit of goods is considered to be economically efficient when that unit of goods is produced at the lowest possible cost. Economics by Parkin and Bade give a useful introduction to the difference between economic efficiency and technological efficiency: There are two concepts of efficiency: Technological efficiency occurs when it is not possible to increase output without increasing inputs. Economic efficiency occurs when the cost of producing a given output is as low as possible.Technological efficiency is an engineering matter. Given what is technologically feasible, something can or cannot be done. Economic efficiency depends on the prices of the factors of production. Something that is technologically efficient may not be economically efficient. But something that is economically efficient is always technologically efficient. A key point to understand is the idea that economic efficiency occurs when the cost of producing a given output is as low as possible. Theres a hidden assumption here, and that is the assumption that all else being equal. A change that lowers the quality of the good while at the same time lowers the cost of production does not increase economic efficiency. The concept of economic efficiency is only relevant when the quality of goods being produced is unchanged.

buy custom Exploration of the Arab-American Muslim Community essay

buy custom Exploration of the Arab-American Muslim Community essay Arab-Americans comprise an ethnicity consisting of groups of people from 22 countries spread across south-west Asia and North Africa. Some refer to them as Middle Eastern. These people immigrated to America during the 19th century and continue to do so up to date, albeit in smaller numbers. The majority of the easily identified Arab-Americans are Muslims even though they are the minority of the community. The Muslim Arab-Americans mostly stand out because of their religious and traditional practices. The noticeable practices of the Muslim Arabs are: Ramadan fasting, attending of Mosque on Friday, among others. These people also commonly stand out because of their dressing especially the women who wear hijabs or burqas. The burqa is an enveloping and modest attire that covers the body from head to toe and is mostly worn by Islamic women in public. The men also sometimes spot long beards. Unlike other foreign cultures and ethnicities in the United States, the Arab American Muslims have maintained their traditions; consistently passing them onto their children. This being evident from the learning that takes place in open Islamic private schools (Samhan). These noticeable features coupled with the fact that these Muslim Arabs do not inter-marry, makes the community an easy target for discrimination and bigotry. Their distinguishing features have also formed the basis of the stereotyping of Arab Muslims living in America. Hamza, Yaseen, El-Houbi, Duncan and Diaz (18) explain that most media channels in the early years typecast Arab Muslims as billionaires, bombers with veiled harems and long beards. Most of these stereotypes have since been done away with but the image of a Muslim bomber or terrorist has remained. The US census classifies the Arabs as whites but some Arabs especially the Muslims have felt discriminated against. This has mostly been experienced since the September 11 terrorist attacks in 2001. There was however discrimination of Arab Muslims pre the September 11 attacks. The first wave of Arab American immigrants was confronted with discrimination on the simple ground that they were foreign but it was not that rampant. The Arab-Israeli conflict increased bias against the Middle Eastern culture owing to the fact that America supported Israel. Discrimination against Arab American Muslims was also experienced because of the war that America had been fighting in Iraq against Saddam Hussein. Saddam Hussein was a dictator who had committed heinous crimes against humanity and was finally captured and hanged by the US government in 2006. These images of dictators and wars from Middle East had served as a way of stereotyping Middle Eastern people since that was the only way they were portrayed by the media. Discrimination against Arab-Americans was however not so pronounced as that of the other races and ethnicities such as blacks and Hispanics. Discrimination however increased with the images in the media and also terror attacks such as the 1993 bombing of World Trade Centre. A new wave of stereotyping and extreme bias became evident following the terrorist attacks in New York in 2001. This discrimination was based on the fact that the terror gang in Afghanistan identified as Al Qaeda was said to be responsible for the twin attacks. The hijackers of the planes that crashed into the twin towers were all identified as Muslims. The attacks saw Muslim Arabs in America all pigeonholed as terrorists. This was mostly seen in the airports where some even refused to board planes with a Muslim passenger. There has also been closer scrutiny of immigrants from Middle East. In some airports, the Muslim Arabs have been subjected to stricter standards. Personally, I must admit that after the terror attacks, I became more alert and conscious about the Muslims around me. The terror attacks made Americans angry as many had lost their lives and some still suffer the adverse effects of the tragedy. In some States, it was reported that Muslims were insulted in public and atta cked. Mosques were also vandalized and burnt in some places. Extreme hatred and contempt was also shown to anyone who associated themselves with the Arab Muslims. The attacks created an image of bloodthirsty, religious fanatic and animalistic Arab Muslims which saw their discrimination rampantly increase. The Council of American Islamic Relations reported that after 2001, hate crimes against Muslims tripled. The American government also closed down six charities belonging to American Muslims, following the attacks. There has also been unconscious discrimination in the criminal justice system where there has been detention and torture of suspected terrorists and this has mostly been applicable to Arab American Muslims. This was mostly seen in the controversial Guantanamo Bay prison. The stereotypes of Arab American Muslims according to the findings of this research are not true. Other studies have also proved that Arab American Muslims are very different from the terrorists. There are also many Arab American Muslims who have spoken openly against jiha and other extremist behavior. Most Muslims advocate that Islam is a religion of peace. Arab American Muslims are also from various countries with various cultures. They do not all come from Afghanistan or war torn areas. It was however observed in my research that Islam calls for modesty and conservatism and that is why the women have to cover their heads. The men do not however have to spot long beards or look like Osama bin Laden. The Arab American Muslim community is as diverse as any other community and they do not all fit in one pigeonhole. Having viewed movies and documentaries about the Middle East and especially the Muslim community, I had formed opinions and stereotypes about them. The September 11, 2001 also shaped most of my opinions about the community. I had not interacted with people of this community before, and there was no way of verifying the ideas and concepts that I had gathered from the media. This research has however helped me to interact with some members of the Arab American Muslim community. I have conducted interviews on their thoughts on racial bias in America and how at home they feel in America especially after the 2001 attacks. I have also visited websites such as alhewar.com which elaborate on the Arab American culture and dispels some of the myths held about the community in America. To fully understand the extent of the discrimination and the daily struggles of Muslim Arabs in America, I had to immerse myself in their culture. I decided to be one of the Muslims for a whole week. This meant t elling people that I was Muslim and dressing like one. I also walked together with the Muslim group of people that I had chosen to help me with the research. This experience proved to be quite enlightening and challenging at the same time. It was also worthwhile and gave me the opportunity to be able to experience everything first hand. Methodology The cyberspace has a lot of information on the Arab American Muslim community. This is where most of the information on this research was obtained from. The interviews with the Muslims were also a reliable and first hand source of information on the group. The research also relied on journal articles and television interviews and popular shows. As has been mentioned above, I researched about the Muslim Arab community by becoming one of them. The Muslim group of people who were my interviewees also served as my guides in order to make the experience more real. Everywhere we went, people understood that I was one of the Muslims and treated me as one. The Muslim community treated me with utmost hospitality even though they understood that I was not one of them. There were however stares from strangers on the streets and a shopkeeper once refused to serve us on the basis that he did not support terrorists. The discrimination was disheartening as it felt like an ambush on me even though I knew I was not a Muslim. This was the part that brought some apprehension on my part. This is because no one likes to be attacked or be discriminated against. The anxiety was also heightened by the outright confrontations from some members of the public some of whom clearly showed their disapproval of Islam. There was also anxiety at first about how the Muslims would respond to the issue of segregation, given the fact that it is still an emotive issue. I also had my doubts on the consequences of posing as a Muslim in America. The immersion however helped me get closer to the Muslim community and it helped develop a sense of trust between me and my Muslim colleagues. The Arab Muslims that I had interacted with also helped to point the places where they faced acute discrimination and emphasized that that was their daily struggle. During the interaction I found a peculiar thing that I did not expect. There were some Arab Muslims who had chosen to completely abandon their culture as a way of avoiding stereotyping and discrimination. There were also others who wished to go back to their countries of origin as they were afraid of profiling by the government. There were others who also secretly wished they were born in a different race as they were completely disgusted by the terrorists. This presented an issue of hatred of ones own race or ethnicity. I also asked the research group if they ever thought that the discrimination would come to an end eventually and if the law against discrimination was working in their favour. Most of them were of the idea that the discrimination was unlikely to end in this decade and that anti-discrimination laws did not seem to protect them from outright bias. They felt that the government had removed civil protection of Arab Muslims in America since the September 11 attacks. Findings My observations and interviews led me to the conclusion that the Arab American Muslim community has faced tremendous discrimination since 2001. The discrimination has been open in most cases and has led to serious psychological problems for some, for example the case of the man who disowned his ethnicity and Islam. Most of the Muslims would want to dispel the myth that they are all terrorists and extremists. My research on the Muslim culture also revealed that some of the Muslims were fourth generation Americans who had lived in America for a long period of time. They knew America as their home yet when they were seen on the streets people misconceived them as foreigners and worst still terrorists. The discrimination has had impact on the identity of some of the Muslims. Cainkar (23) states that some have preferred to conceal their identity by changing their names, for example one could change from Farouq to Fred. Others have also gone as far as disowning their families in order not to be identified with them. This has been made possible by the fact that Arab American Muslims without any other distinguishing features are considered Caucasian. The interviews and internet research also revealed that the government did not have a strong enough policy to curb the hate crimes and extreme discrimination against the Arab Muslims in America. This has mainly been attributed to the fact that in some cases, the government has been the biased party. The Muslims also revealed that they felt that the government viewed them as the enemies or relatives of the enemies. I also interviewed some members of the public on why they stereotyped Arab American Muslims as terrorists. Some people answered that even though they knew some of the Muslims were not terrorists, then maybe a brother or other relative back home was, making them equally terrorist. This reasoning appalled me because it seemed that going by this, then the families of the millions of criminals in America would also b e considered as criminals. The investigations also revealed that airports have been worst sites of discrimination for Arab American Muslims. This is because of the fact that the September 11 attacks were as a result of two planes that had been hijacked. The presence of a Muslim has therefore heightened anxiety at the airport and in some cases there are special security checks for them. Some are even removed from planes to be given thorough checking. This has culminated to less Muslim Arabs travelling into the country and within the country. The US Department of Justice issued an internal memo to the Immigration and Naturalization Service and US Customs in June 2002. This memo requested that Yemenis entering the US should be sought out in the airports and searched thoroughly. This requirement also applied to Yemeni Americans, and it saw many Yemeni travelers removed from planes and prevented from boarding. No stereotypes that I had before were confirmed during my exploration of the Arab American Muslim communit y. I realized at the end of the day that no human being is exactly the same as the other. Regardless of the many factors that bind people in a particular ethnicity or race, there were many other different characteristics distinguishing each individual. To work from further judgment of the Arab Americans more so the Muslims, I have decided to access websites and read books to know more about the culture. The colleagues I made from the investigation have also immensely helped me understand many of the things I did not. Conclusion This exploration project has helped me to find out a lot more than I could write in this paper. It has also helped me discover more about myself and my own culture. I learnt that discrimination can have far reaching consequences that society does not contemplate. I also learnt that stereotyping and segregation is painful and I understood civil rights movements such as that of Martin Luther King much more clearly. The discrimination of Arab American Muslims has been under-addressed unlike that of blacks in the earlier years. This is mainly because of the terrorist attacks and this has generated pain and suffering. It is clear that many Americans died during the September 2001 attacks, but hatred and segregation of innocent people will definitely not solve the problem of terrorism. The real terrorist culprits should be captured, investigated and sentenced. This was exercised during the Oklahoma City 1998 bombings, where the real culprits were captured. Whidden (2829) states that the Ok lahoma City bombings were the worst in Americas history. He also states that Arab American terrorists have been responsible for only a few bombings in American soil since 1984; most terrorist attacks being executed by Americans themselves. This is not to condone or promote terrorism but what I learnt is that in the same way one would not want to pay for the mistakes of another person, Arab Muslims in America would not want to pay for the mistakes of the Al Qaeda or any other terrorist group. Justice should be afforded to all American citizens regardless of their race or ethnicity. There have however been some positive changes since the 2001 attacks and Americans are trying to learn more about Islam. We have to look for the commonalities that unite as Americans instead of erecting differences and tolerating each other (Jamal). Buy custom Exploration of the Arab-American Muslim Community essay

Read Ch. 11 and the Resource section in the book Creating Graphics for Essay

Read Ch. 11 and the Resource section in the book Creating Graphics for Learning and Performance - Essay Example The standing out of the information improves leaner selection. Contrast can be used to help the leaner distinguish between information that is important to the one that is less important. Two color schemes are very important in the perception and visual acuity of the learner. The two schemes divide the color wheel in two halves, which are the warm and cool color and the spectral scheme. Colors that are found in the middle of the color spectra are linked to greater acuity. Warm colors are used to make an element even more noticeable. Organization The color chosen should be able to exhibit a hierarchy of importance. Color can be used to suggest a form of ranking. Color can be used to create layers of information resulting in the creation of hierarchy. The dark to sequence or the dull to bright sequence can be used to demonstrate the increase in significance. Integration Colors that are used should enable the learner to view and the bigger picture. Colors can be combined to form a contr ibution to the learner seeing the bigger picture. The choice of colors can be dependent on the color wheel. It provides a scheme of colors that tend to work together. One can be able to work with fewer colors effectively. The choice of colors can be based on inspiration from art. Works of art can be inspirational. The choice of colors can be based on color palettes. The color palettes are found in templates. The color schemes used are artist-created. The schemes should be mastered to enable to fully utilize them. The choice of colors may be based on psychological associations. Colors can evoke responses. The responses are emotional in nature. Colors can be used in accordance to the various colors that are associated to the various human emotions. Briefly, one should choose colors that enables learners identify important information easily and quickly by making such information stand out. The colors chosen should also bring out the main theme of whatever information is being displaye d. The choice of color should be made with the aim of establishing order or hierarchy in the arrangement of information more so in the order of significance to the learner. Should I base decisions on the psychology of color? Psychology of color refers to the physical and emotional impact that colors have. The notion can also be based on the harmony that is assigned to each different color. The psychological aspects are based on different cultural preferences, gender, and age. For example, bright primary colors are preferred by children. Freshness relates to blue and green. Orange associates excitement. More white colors are considered light. Less white colors are considered heavy. Yes, decisions on the color to be used should be based on the psychology of color. The decision also depends on the age group of learners. Adults have different color preferences and meanings as compared to children. Cultural preferences should also be tabled. Different colors have different meanings to di fferent cultures. Colors considered attractive to women convey a different message to men and vice versa. The targeted learner group will hugely influence the decisions. Colors evoke responses that are emotional. Colors create a warm and inviting feeling to the learners. The invited learner will feel more at ease hence enhancing the whole learning process. A bad combination of colors can result to distraction of the learner. Distraction of the learner inhibits performance of the whole learnin

Ethics of Solar Laboratory,Hydro Power Laboratory and Wind Power Assignment

Ethics of Solar Laboratory,Hydro Power Laboratory and Wind Power Laboratory - Assignment Example In this regard, the general public and other concerned stakeholders are on a high alert on issues ascribed to ethic on the energy production sector. This discussion will focus on the three forms of energy generation, basically explicating ethical considerations on their production. In as much as there are few ethical issues raised in the field of solar energy production, one of the most evident ethical concerns in this field since the early 1990’s is the cost of production. According to the National Academy of Engineering, production of solar energy is relatively higher, especially when produced on a large scale (Durant, 2012). The high cost of production of this form of energy arises from the fact that the materials used to manufacture solar panels are quite expensive for instance: The National Academy of Engineering noted that most solar panels are manufactured using silicon as a photovoltaic material; silicon is quite expensive thus creating the need for another cheaper alternative photovoltaic material. In this regard, the Academy proposed a number of ways: The first strategy to lower the cost of solar energy generation is to use Cadmium Telluride as a photovoltaic material; this material is relatively cheaper than silicon (Durant, 2012). Moreover, the production of solar energy could also be made cheaper through encouraging mass production of solar energy. The other ethical issue ascribed to the production of solar energy is its impact of environment; environmentalists have asserted that solar energy is one of the best sources renewable energy owing to the fact that it does not pose any environmental threat that could affect nature and human life (Durant, 2012). Perhaps this is one of the reasons this kind of energy is currently gaining global recognition. There are various benefits associated with the use of wind power. One of these benefits is the fact that wind power is renewable and does not have significant negative impact on the

Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Reflection Paper - Essay Example The role of management and leadership has now more than ever before become increasingly essential in the innate objectives of organizations and enterprises of profitability and survival within the domestic, regional and international markets. Most fundamental in this dawning is the distribution, management and role of human resource. As industries emerge elsewhere within the developing and less developed economies, there is a shift in top quality managerial and skilled labor to such regions creating shortages particularly in the already developed economies in America and Europe. This is especially because, during this transition, there has been a disproportionate increase in the number of excellent managers, workers and leaders with the number of enterprises and companies in need of these human resource skills. In this light, talent management which concerns the identification-and thereafter-deliberate steps towards empowering human resources within the organization so as to increase their capacity and competencies to meet current and future organizational growth focus and profitability concerns (Berger & Berger, 2010). James Autry talks about the need for leadership in business to be different from a mere managerial function. He argues that effective management is one that begins with self-awareness. Having been employed for thirty years and thereafter retiring to pursue his passion in writing and poetry, he has successfully within a decade transformed a print business that is worth in excess of five hundred million dollars. He is very critical of how most American companies have turned their backs on their employees in the be-guided pursuit of cost cutting measures or efficiencies. He is an example of how passion for work can intimate a career shift and which eventually leads to profitability. In his assessment of the work place, Autry is in stark contrast of the principle of separation of the work and home which is often than not a norm in most current busin ess organizations and institutions. He argues that the two items are inextricably connected; such that one influences and is affected by the other. However, I find resonance with his proposition that, leadership within organizations and, therefore, managers should be sensitive to the emotional needs of employees as identified by Abraham Maslow as a level within his hierarchy of human needs. The emotional state of the employee whether it relates to issues at work or home affects the performance of the given individual in both areas. That being the case, I find a point of departure where he attempts to erase the concept work-home balance; the two should be essentially same given that, the underlying concern is paying attention to values and living them. I find that the geographic and situational connotation creates a psychographic differentiation between home and the office such that it subsequently dictates norms, behaviors and actions suitable. I have also had the experience of work ing from home and regardless of how convenient it felt, certain aspects had to change when time to work arose and vice versa. For instance, I could not work within the comfort of the bedroom. The power of words is truly at its height in today’s society, especially, where legal solutions can be sought after for apparent misdeeds against other members within society. In organizations, the need for managers to exercise reasonable care in action or word is exceedingly critical in this regard. The mystery that surrounds

Work Stress Essay Example for Free

Work Stress Essay We live with it, deal with it, and above all worry about it. Our way of life, the area in which we live, the economy, and our jobs can cause a great deal of stress. Not everyone deals with the same level of stress and there are several factors that can impact our lives and cause us to have higher or lower stress levels. We can have stressed caused by Cataclysmic events which according to Feldman (2009) are events that can affect many people at the same time and are â€Å"disasters such as tornado and plane crashes, as well as terrorist attacks†. (p418). Other factors are personal stressors and can be caused by events such as a divorce, death or a loved one or the loss of a job. (Feldman, 2009). The other category is what Feldman (2009) refers to as background stressors and are the things that impact our daily life. South Florida has many factors that contribute to our stress level, high unemployment rate 12.1% , high number of families living in poverty approximately 16%, (U.S. Census Bureau, American Fact Finder at (http://factfinder.census.gov), a housing crisis that has contributed to many residents losing their homes, overcrowded roads, high crime rate, and during hurricane season the weather. When we compare ourselves with people living in smaller cities, villages, other areas of the country or even other countries, or those whose socio economic status allows them to maintain their life style during difficult economic times we could probably see a difference in the stress level. Who has not stressed over driving in the Palmetto or I-95. Who has not stressed over the evening news or the possibility of not having a job in very difficult economic times? Who has not stressed over the possibility of being affected by the housing crisis? Who does not stress over a situation at work over which we have no control? These are stressors we live with and deal with on a daily basis. Work Stress and Mental Health Some people have higher levels of stress because they might have a very stressful job. Police officers, fire fighters, soldiers in a war zone, health care providers, long distance truck drivers, and yes, even educators (think of a classroom full of students where you are responsible for making sure that they are learning the skills they need to succeed) have very stressful jobs. According to Elkin and Rosch (1990) workplace related stress in a major problem in the U.S. and it creates a major expense for corporations. Koeske, Kirk, and Koeske (1993) indicate that all jobs have some level of stress but jobs that are in the human services have additional stressors because they â€Å"derive from intense involvement in the lives of others†. (p.319). They also refer to the type of stress experienced by individuals working in human services as â€Å"burnout† (Koeske, Kirk, and Koeske, 1993, p.319). Another factor that can influence our stress level is how we handle lifeâ€℠¢s demands. There are different ways of reacting to the situations we face every day of our lives. We have all heard of expressions such as ‘road rage’ and ‘going postal’. These are terms that we have come to identified with violent reactions to stressors caused by situations all of us face every day. How many of us have experiences in the road that would cause us to display behavior that is outside of what we consider to be within a normal range? How many of us have had experiences at work with a supervisor or a coworker where we have had to use all of our self control not to respond in an appropriate manner? We all have had these experiences and how we handle them depends on different factors such as our own characteristics, or external factors that could be impacting us at any particular moment. Symptoms of stress and anxiety caused by work According to Tetrick and LaRocco (1987) â€Å" work conditions can lead to perception of stress. Perceived stress, in turn, leads to job-related strains such as dissatisfaction, boredom, and turnover, and to individual strains such as anxiety, depression, and physical illness† (p.538). There are other factors that can cause high level of stress in a job for example high demands on the part of an employer, (i.e. constant deadlines, extended work hours) and low control on the part of the employee (i.e. very little control over the day to day activities in the workplace) and low rewards for effort can increase the chances of having serious health problems such as anxiety, use of prescription or over the counter drugs to deal with stress. (Workplace Mental Health Promotion, 2010). According to Tetrick and Larocco (1987) in addition to these external factors related to our jobs and the type of work conditions we have we also have internal factors that they call â€Å"internal char acteristics (i.e., personal characteristics) and external conditions (i.e., situational characteristics)† (p. 358). Pachner (2010) stated that In response to feelings of insecurity or ineffectiveness many people can avoid social interactions with colleagues and can develop physical symptoms such as headaches, insomnia, high blood pressure and even heart attacks. Many of us have experiences these types of feelings or reactions when we have found ourselves in stressful jobs. These health related issues can impact the individual, his/her family, the workplace environment and the community in general. Higher costs for health care, incidents of road rage or workplace violence, as well as in some instances domestic violence can all be linked to stressed caused by work. Individuals at risk of experiencing conditions of stress and anxiety As indicated before most of us are at risk of experiencing stress and a burnout feeling at any time. Those of us who are in the fields where we deal with people or a daily basis or where high demands and where we have little control of our work environment will be more impacted than others. Additionally as mentioned before certain type of personality characteristics will increase or levels of stress. Some of the internal characteristics might be our way of handling difficult situations, our need to control our environment, our need to overachieve, even our need to please others. Some individuals have a need to have control over all aspects of their lives and when decisions are made by others and they have no control over these decisions it impacts their well being. Stressful jobs such as those involving high risk or oneself, i.e. law enforcement, military duty in a war zone, can cause higher level of stress. Jobs where demands are placed in our abilities to deal with others can also create stress, i.e., healthcare professionals, customer service personnel, teachers, and other professionals who deal directly with others. The stress caused by these types of jobs can influence our health, our attitudes, and even our home life. In many instances individuals do not have the opportunity to decompress before arriving home to deal with the other stressors that we all confront. When we leave our jobs we then need to face the different challenges surrounding us in our community i.e. traffic, weather, etc. Dealing with stress and anxiety According to Elkin and Rosch (1990) To prevent burnout individuals need to monitor their mental and physical health and maintain a healthy lifestyle that includes a healthy diet, leisure time and connecting with family and friends. All of us need to understand the importance of maintaining a healthy equilibrium between work and our own personal life. Giving in to the demands of a stressful job can only serve to create additional health problems such as heart conditions, high blood pressure, dependency on over the counter, illegal, or prescription drugs. It will also contribute to other problems such as lack of sleep, isolation, and sometimes depression. Perhaps we need to look at how other societies live their daily lives. For example traveling in the Mediterranean, specially the Greek islands, can give you a different perspective of how life can be. The Greek Islands have a low rate of heart disease and having traveled there myself I can see how their lifestyle contributes to that l ow risk. They are very active and involved in activities that promote healthy lifestyles i.e. fishing. They eat healthy and most of the time is food that is prepared in a healthy way. They take time to rest during the day and they take the time to enjoy family and friends and establish social connections. We, on the other hand, because of our work schedules, the time it takes us to get to and from work, the demands we place on ourselves, rarely have time to socialize and spend time with family or friends. Perhaps corporations should take into consideration the need to provide time for employees to establish relationships at work that are not just work related but that go beyond the routine of the workplace. Encouraging employees to have an active life style would also help the stress since physical activity reduces stress level. Having a good health insurance that promotes healthy life style such as by encouraging preventing medicine and membership in health clubs will contribute to reduce the stress level. We also need to take proactive steps to reduce the stress level caused by our jobs. One of the steps we can take is to accept that our personality can play a major role on how we adapt and deal with the job demands and take steps to change the extra stress we create for ourselves. If we like to control what we do at all times and like to plan ahead for all events but work in a job that is constantly changing we can begin by accepting that we can control the time we leave for work, what we take for lunch, and what route we take to get to and from work and that will give us a sense of control for at least part of the day. If we like to achieve perfection or please those around us we can begin by establishing realistic goals that we can achieve every day rather than trying to be the best in all possible aspects. Understanding ourselves, our needs, our personality, and the demands of our jobs can help us to decrease the level of stress we experience. There are factors over which we have no control i.e. the crime rate in our area, the weather, the overcrowded highways, etc. However we can certainly control other aspects of our lives such as how we handle the demands of our job, the type of lifestyle we choose to live and the amount of quality time we choose to spend with family and friends who are important to us. Knowledge and Career Understanding that there is an entire group of problems that are known as â€Å"psychophysilogical disorders that often result or are worsened by stress† (Feldman, 2009, p.421) can help us to realize that these are very real medical problems that are â€Å"influenced by an interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties† Feldman, 2009, p.421). Having gained some basic knowledge of the different aspects of what can cause stress in our lives such as work, environment, social demands, etc. can help us manage our lives and careers in a way that will help us to achieve our goals, maintain healthy relationships, succeed at our jobs, and maintain a healthy life style. According to Feldman (2009) our relationship with others can help us deal with our stress. The social support we can establish can help us to lower our stress level and the support we show others can help them as well. Coping with the daily stressors we face, and doing so as a member of a group of family, friends, coworkers, or neighbors can help us to maintain a healthy level of stress and will certainly reduce the risk of health problems associated with major stress in our life. This will in turn help us to be successful in our careers because we will achieve a healthy balance of work goals, family goals, community commitment, and a sense of well being.

Fear Of Failure Among College Athletes Psychology Essay

Fear Of Failure Among College Athletes Psychology Essay In sport, motivation and fear of failure are among the vital determinants of an athletes performance. The current study aims to study the role of gender on the type of motivation and the level of fear of failure among college athletes. The sample would be athletes between the ages of 18 25 and who are a part of their college sports team. The Sports Motivation Scale and The Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory would be used to assess the type of motivation and the level of fear of failure respectively, among the participants. Results of the present study will aid in widening the scope of sports psychology and add to the field of psychology as a whole. Further, it will aid in giving an understanding into whether gender differences exist among athletes of Indian origin playing at the university level. Both counselors and coaches will have an insight into how better to ensure that sportspersons are reaching their full potential. INTRODUCTION With the growth of sports psychology, there has been an increased interest in the possible gender differences that exist with regard to sport participation and achievement (Branta, Painter Keiger 1987). The statement Participation in sport is primarily a masculine activity in American society (Czisma, Wittig, and Schurr, 1988) was stated owing to the number of males over females participating in sport. With regard to the Olympic Games, it was seen that in the year 1908, male athletes outnumbered females 53 to 1. In 1948, the ratio had decreased to 10 to 1. More recently, in 2012, this male female ratio compared to the past may be considered to have reached parity (Laine 2012). For the first time Saudi Arabia sent in two female athletes to compete at the games and statistics reveal that the number of females in the U.S team outnumbered the males by 269 women to 261 men. Even with regard to the medal count of the American contingent, the women won almost twice as many medals as the me n: 100 total medals as opposed to 59 for the men (Chappell 2012). One cannot ignore that socio cultural disparities exist across the world and in a country like India it is often considered that playing sport is not something that women do. Show of muscular strength is considered unladylike or masculine and this may keep girls from playing sports (Shakti 2005). Thereby, the question arises, to what extent do gender differences still exist with regard to sport? It is known that males comprise greater physical strength than women, this is largely on account of males having larger muscle mass ratio than females (Maughan R J, Watson J S, Weir J 1983). However, do males and females differ on internal factors such as the type of motivation and level of fear of failure? The current study seeks to investigate into this proposed question. Motivation Motivation may be understood as a combination of an internal drive that stems from within us and external factors that seek to influence it. The internal drive stemming from within is better known as intrinsic motivation, and may be defined engaging in an activity purely for the pleasure and satisfaction derived from doing the activity (Deci, 1975). A person who is intrinsically motivated, will engage in an activity irrespective of the presence of external materialistic rewards (Deci Ryan, 1985). Most researchers hold the view that intrinsic motivation may be looked upon as a global construct, Deci, 1975 and White, 1959 however came about with the ideology that intrinsic motivation may be subdivided into three categories 1) intrinsic motivation to know and understand here the primary reason for individuals to participate in an activity is to try something new or to learn a novel technique 2) Intrinsic motivation towards accomplishments here the main intention behind an individuals participation in an activity is for the individual to acquire mastery over a new technique or the accomplishment of goals set by themselves. 3) Intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation the focus here is sensory pleasure and excitement derived during the course of engaging in the activity. Peak experiences or aesthetic stimulating experiences are a part of this form of intrinsic motivation. Contrary to intrinsic motivation Deci, 1975 defined extrinsic motivation as those behaviors that are engaged in as a means to an end and not for their own sake. Originally it was thought that this form of motivation could only be influenced by external sources such as rewards. Deci, Ryan, Connell, Grolnick, in 1990 however felt that extrinsic motivation like intrinsic motivation could also be sub divided into the following forms 1) External regulation this refers to behaviours that are controlled by external rewards. 2) Introjections under this condition, external sources of motivation have been internalized, and internal forces such as guilt or shame serve to act as the drive. 3) Identification Under this condition the individual recognizes his/her behavior as worthy and of considerable value. Thus, the behavior engaged in is for external reasons but controlled internally by the individual. The last form of motivation, also known as Amotivation, is similar to learned helplessness (Abramson, Seligman, Teasdale, 1978). Amotivated individuals do not recognize a link between their actions and the outcomes, instead they undergo feelings of incompetence and lack of control (Deci,and Rayan 1985). In the case of Amotivation, neither intrinsic motivation nor extrinsic motivation is experienced and the end result may be that the individual ceases to participate in the given activity altogether. The link between internal and external forms of motivation may be seen in the cognitive evaluation theory formulated by Deci in 1975. This theory talks about the effects of external consequences on internal motivation. The cognitive evaluation theory talks about individuals motivation differing on account of their own perceptions of their ability to meet the desired goal, and the corresponding drive to do so. High levels of competence and self determination, results in increased intrinsic motivation and identification. On the other hand, it is seen that low levels of competence and self determination, results in a decrease in introjection, external regulation and amotivation (Deci Ryan, 1985, 1991). The cognitive evaluative theory is a sub theory of the self determination theory (SDT), which talks about the factors that drive individuals other than extrinsic rewards or reinforcement. It deals largely with psychological needs and conditions for individual growth which serve to be mo tivating factors. The extent to which a person is self-motivated or self-determined serves as the basis of this theory (Deci, Ryan, 2002). Thus, research has indicated a presence of both internal and external motivating factors that serve to be responsible of the extent to which a person immerses himself or herself in a given task. Further, it is based on these factors that the individual places value on task performance. Fear of failure Fear and anxiety are often misinterpreted for one another. Anxiety is generalized and the source is often hard to pinpoint. Fear on the other hand is a subjective emotion that triggers physiological changes (e.g., increased heart rate, muscle tension) and that has antecedents in the environment, leading to certain causal consequences in behavior (Gray, 1987). Fear results in an individual engaging in avoidance behaviours on account of an understanding that avoiding the situation at hand will prevent the unpleasant outcome that is feared from occurring (Barlow, 2002; Field Lawson, 2003; Gray, 1987). Theorists believe that fear as a construct exists from early childhood to adulthood (Field Lawson, 2003; Lawson, Banerjee, Field, 2007; Morris Kratochwill,1998). Fears serve an adaptive role during childhood towards real or imagined threat. They warn the individual of dangers that are lurking and motivate the individual to engage in escape or avoidance behaviours. However, on becoming excessive, intense, and persistent over time, fears may result in being extremely distressful thus act as a block towards academic and social progression (Field Lawson, 2003; Gullone, 1999). Three main forms of fear have been identified among children and adolescents, included are those of performance anxiety, social anxiety, and school phobia (King et al., 1998). The current study has its roots in performance anxiety and deals primarily with a fear of failure. Failure is known as the state or condition of not meeting a desirable or intended objective, and may be viewed as the opposite of success. As human beings, we all have an innate driven to achieve mastery in all spheres of life. Erick Erickson talked about a series of stages, each aimed at achieving mastery over specific domains. Mastery or success at each stage may be attained through repeated trial and error. It is only when failure is experienced and the individual overcomes it that success is arrived at. In todays society where cut throat competition is largely prevalent, individuals seek to go from one win to another. Loss or failure is something that is looked down upon and individuals begin to fear it even at a young age. A mild form of this fear may serve to be motivating but often it gets blown out of proportion resulting in a fear of failure. Athletes too, it is seen may generate a fear of failure when they worry about not getting what they want and have worked hard to obtain. On account of the growing nature of sports psychology, there has been an increased interest in the gender differences that may exist with regard to sport and sport related play. This study seeks to explain the gender differences specifically in relation to the type of motivation and levels of fear of failure that influence athletic performance. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Motivation and gender differences Considerable research has been done in the field of motivation and sport. Research has found that motivation has a direct influence on an individuals performance, persistence and learning (Duda, 1989; Vallerand, Deci, Ryan, 1987). It thereby, seeks to be a crucial factor in determining the extent to which athletes initiate, maintain and seek to grow in the field of sport. Further, focusing on the gender differences in types of motivation (intrinsic or extrinsic motivation), several studies have been done on the effect of scholarship and its relation to performance in sport. Ryan (1980) did a study on a sample of male football players and female athletes on scholarship. Results displayed that scholarship or an extrinsic stimulus, served to have a greater influence on the performance of male athletes than female athletes. Male athletes were thus found to have lower levels of intrinsic motivation on account of the impact of scholarship. In another study it was found that female athletes reported higher levels of intrinsic motivation than male athletes irrespective of the presence of scholarship (Fortier, Vallerand, Guay, 1995). Reed Cox, (2003) in a study titled The Effects of Athletic Scholarships on Motivation in Sport took a sample of 70 non-scholarship and 46 scholarship basketball players and assessed present and future levels of motivation. Results indicated that male scholarship athletes displayed higher levels of introjected regulation than female non-scholarship athletes, and higher levels of external regulation as compared to female scholarship athletes and all non-scholarship athletes. The current study was based solely in the country of Canada and the sample was taken from the sport of Basketball. Thereby this difference in the type of motivation among males and females cannot be generalized to other cultures or to sports that are played on an individual basis where team cohesion does not play a contributory role. Kingston et al., (2006) stated otherwise, and proved thorough a replication of a study conducted by Amorose and Hom, (2000) that regardless of gender, athletes on scholarship displayed higher levels of intrinsic motivation than non scholarship athletes. This indicates that external stimuli such as scholarship have a similar effect on the motivation of both males and females. Further, Kingston (2006) looked into aspects of extrinsic motivation, and found that collegiate male athletes demonstrated significantly higher levels of extrinsic motivation, specifically external regulation as compared to females. In a study aimed at measuring if gender and motivation type were related to athletes perceptions of team cohesion. Halbrook,. Blom, Hurley, Bell, Holden collected a sample of 253 male and female collegiate athletes. On administering the Sports Motivation Scale (SMS; Pelletier et al, 1995) and the Group Environment Questionnaire (EQ; Carrà ³n et al., 1985), results revealed significant positive correlations between perceptions of task and social cohesion with each of the three intrinsic motivation types and two extrinsic motivation types (i.e integrated regulation and identified regulation). Negative relationships were found to exist between amotivation and task and social cohesion. This study indicates that the Sports motivation scale is a good predictor of measuring the type of motivation among sports persons. Fear of failure and gender differences Fear of failure is also another crucial factor in determining an athletes involvement in sport. Unlike motivation that serves to be a driving force, fear of failure serves as a mar towards progression. H. A Murray (1938) was the person behind the conceptualization of dispositional achievement motivation as the combination of an individuals need for achievement which serves to be the approach motive and his/her fear of failure which acts as the avoidance motive. Both the avoidance motive and the achievement motive are characteristic of being stable in nature and are considered to have been socialized early in childhood (Birney et al., 1969; Conroy, 2003; Elliot Reis, 2003; Elliot Thrash, 2004; Hermans, ter Laak, Maes, 1972; McClelland et al., 1953; Teevan McGhee, 1972). This may in turn serve to be a contributory factor of gender differences that exist later in life. As stated above, classical achievement motivation theorists talked about the need for individuals to avoid failure and thus they thereby act or behave in ways that prevent the likelihood of experiencing the failure itself (McClelland, Atkinson, Clark, and Lowell, 1953). These early achievement motivation theories (Atkinson, 1964; McClelland, Atkinson, Clark, Lowell, 1958) defined fear of failure as the motive to avoid failure because one feels shame and humiliation upon failure. Thus, fear of failure is prominent under conditions where individuals feel their ability is being judged and where there is a high chance of failure to occur, resulting in the person to seek escape or avoidance of the situation (Atkinson Feather, 1966; Birney, Burdick, Teevan, 1969). Sports related research on fear of failure has associated it with youth drop out rates and barriers to sport participation (Orlick, 1974). Failure and negative social evaluation are predominant sources of worry among many young athletes. Young elite athletes worries were related to primarily to the fear of failure, fear of negative evaluation, feelings of inadequacy, and external control or guilt (Gould, Horn, Spreemann, 1983). Research done on samples of youth wrestlers (Gould et al., 1983; Scanlan Lewthwaite, 1984) and runners (Feltz Albrecht, 1986) indicated that the major source of their fears revolved around making mistakes, not performing to their ability, not improving on their performance, not participating in championship events, and losing. Winning and losing are a part and parcel of every sport and from a very young age winning is something that individuals strive towards, loosing on the other is something that they learn to dread. A win serves to be a standard of succ ess while a loss becomes a threat and is considered as failure (Scanlan Lewthwaite, 1988). Pressure to be the best and achieve high standards of sporting performances, can bring with it increased levels of fear of failure among athletes (Hosek Man, 1989). A multidimensional and hierarchical model of fear of failure has been developed that incorporates previous findings on fear of failure. This model has been based on the cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion (Lazarus, 1991). This theory talks about fear of failure being a result of the activation of cognitive schemas attached to situations that are fear provoking, on account of possible failure in those situations. Further, this theory states that individuals make evaluations of events and experience an associated anxiety on account of the meaning they attach to those situations. Thereby, an aversive interpretation of the consequences of failure leads individuals to fear failure itself (Birney, Burdick, Teevan, 1969; Conroy et al., 2001; Conroy et al., 2002). Conroy, Poczwardowski, and Henschen, (2001) used inductive content analysis to narrow down into five broad categories the aversive consequences of failure that individuals fear (a) experiencing shame and embarrassment, (b) devaluing ones self-estimate, (c) having an uncertain future, (d) important others losing interest, and (e) upsetting important others (Conroy, 2001; Conroy, Metzler, and Hofer, 2003; Conroy, Willow, and Metzler, 2002). In sum, it is seen that fear of failure is linked to maladaptive results in the undertaking of any given activity. In the year 2009, Sagar; Lavallee and Spray did a study titled Coping With the Effects of Fear of Failure: A Preliminary Investigation of Young Elite Athletes. Interviews were conducted on a one to one basis with nine young elite athletes (5 males, 4 females; ages 14-17 years) and revealed that fear of failure affected the athletes well-being, interpersonal behavior, sport performance, and schoolwork. This qualitative study indicates that there is a need for further research in the field of fear of failure with older athletes and how it may impact other related areas such as motivation. In addition, a quantitative study may serve to enhance the ability to generalize the results. Sagar, Boardley, and Kavussanu, (2011) found that male students reported higher levels of fear of significant others losing interest and a threat to their social standing.   Females on the other hand were more concerned with a fear of devaluing ones self-estimate, which in turn is said to be related to relatively lower competence levels in females as compared to males. In a study done by Elison, and Jeff, (2012) results revealed that females report fear of shame and embarrassment to a greater degree than males and fear of devaluing ones self estimate to a greater degree than males. Females also report need for approval and rumination to a larger extent than males. Thus, females tend to exhibit modestly greater fear of failure and perfectionism. The above studies indicate that there is a considerable need to make a contemporary research with regard to the prevalence of gender differences in the fear of failure of individuals within the sporting domain. Relationship between motivation, fear of failure and the role of gender Motivation it is seen may serve the role of approach or of avoidance. Contemporary goal theorists talk about the presence of two types of approach motivation, namely, mastery and performance goals. Mastery approach goals are found to correspond to high levels of intrinsic motivation while performance approach goals are found to correspond to high levels of extrinsic motivation (Elliot Church, 1997; Smith et al., 2002). Avoidance goals are said to correspond to the presence of Amotivation in individuals. Past research has repeatedly shown that need for achievement involves the taking up of mastery-approach and performance-approach goals, while fear of failure leads to the implementation of avoidance goals (mastery and performance) as well as performance-approach goals (Conroy, 2004; Conroy Elliot, 2004; Elliot Church, 1997; Elliot McGregor, 1999; Elliot McGregor, 2001; Elliot Sheldon, 1997; Schmalt, 2005; Thrash Elliot, 2002; Van Yperen, 2006). Another study done by Conroy and Elliot (2003) on 356 college students, revealed that fear of failure was positively related to mastery-avoidance, performance-approach and performance-avoidance achievement goals. Though this study has been done in the academic setting, it would be of interest to find individuals displayed similar mannerisms in the context of sport. Nien Duda, (2008) did do a study on 450 British male and female athletes. The study was aimed at identify revealing gender differences in the multiple achievement goal measurement model. Questionnaires assessing approach and avoidance achievement goals, perceived sport competence, fear of failure, and motivation regulations, were administered to the athletes. Only partial invariance was supported with respect to the antecedents achievement goals-consequences model. Further, gender differences were not revealed amidst the paths between fear of failure to mastery-avoidance goal, mastery-approach goal to intrinsic motivation, and performance-approach goal to extrinsic motivation. In a country like India, where gender differences are so apparent across several domains, it is important that we research into the extent to which gender may play a role in the field of sport. Further, this study revealed that both the Sports Motivation Scale (SMS; Pelletier et al., 1995) and The Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory by David E. Conroy are can be used to measure the type of motivation and levels of fear of failure among athletes. Indian Studies A study done by Rathee and Singh, (2011) measured the levels of achievement motivation, emotional and social adjustment among international and national players of various team sports. For this purpose, 240 Indian players were selected from the sports of basketball, hockey and handball. The achievement motivation test was administered to the athletes and results indicated that international players had higher levels of achievement motivation, and were better adjusted than national players. Further, gender studies indicated that there were little or no differences among the players at that level. The current study focused primarily on achievement motivation and did not consider gender differences with regard to the type of motivation (intrinsic or extrinsic) and the possible effect it may have on levels of fear of failure. Sporting participation of individuals at lower levels of competition such as inter college competitions has not be studied in the above case and there is need to d o so for national and international players come into the category of elite sportsmen and they thereby may have different factors influencing their participation. METHEDOLOGY Rationale for this study Psychology is a rapidly growing field and sport psychology in particular has found to be crucial in the churning out of ace class athletes around the world. In India, where gender differences are apparent across various domains, it is crucial that it be taken into consideration while dealing with persons in the counseling setting. Motivation and fear of failure serve to act as push and a pull factors for individuals indulging in any given activity. It is thereby essential that we investigate into these two variables and whether gender has a role to play in the field of sport. This will serve to add to the limited research done in the field of motivation and fear of failure, especially so with regard to the Indian context. Scope of this study The present study will aid in creating awareness in relation to the influence of gender in the type of motivation and the level of fear of failure that Indian athletes at the college level may experience. It will further aid in counselors and coaches to be more sensitive to the needs of athletes with regard to aspects of motivation and fear of failure. Operational definitions In the following is an understanding of the operational and constitutive definitions of the various variables under study: Gender: The state of being male or female (typically used with reference to social and cultural differences rather than biological ones). (Oxford dictionary) Motivation: Motivation may be understood as a combination of an internal drive that stems from within us and external factors that seek to influence it. (Deci 1975) Intrinsic motivation: intrinsic motivation refers to engaging in an activity purely for the pleasure and Satisfaction derived from doing the activity (Deci, 1975). Extrinsic motivation: extrinsic motivation pertains to a wide variety of behaviors that are engaged in as a means to an end and not for their own sake (Deci, 1975). Amotivation: experiencing feelings of incompetence and lack of control (Deci Ryan, 1985) Fear of failure: An association between a specific stimuli and threat triggers fear response and avoidance behaviour Because such behaviour is believed to prevent the unpleasant outcome that is feared (Barlow, 2002; Field Lawson, 2003; Gray, 1987). Indian: a native or inhabitant of India, or a person of Indian descent (Oxford dictionary) Colligate athletes: a term encompassing college and university level competitive sports personnel. Aim To study the effect of gender on the type of motivation and the level of fear of failure among colligate athletes. Objectives To measure the effect of gender on the type of motivation among athletes. To measure the effect of gender on the level of fear of failure of among athletes. To study the correlation between the type of motivation and the level of fear of failure among athletes. Research design The questionnaire method will be employed for the purpose of research. Here a certain sample of male and female participants will be studied in relation to the variables of motivation and the fear of failure using a single -point questionnaire assessment. Hypothesis In the following are the various hypotheses that were formulated: The motivation subscales of intrinsic motivation to learn and know, to experience stimulation, and toward accomplishments, as well as integrated regulation would have negative relationships with fear of failure. The motivation subscales of identified regulation, introjected regulation, external regulation, and amotivation would have positive relationships with fear of failure. There would be an interaction between gender and motivation type as well as gender and fear of failure. Sample The sample would consist of students aged 18 25. All individuals who are currently on the college team will be contacted from sports played on an individual basis such as tennis, table tennis, badminton and athletics. The participants will be from universities situated in the city of Bangalore. A minimum sample size of 60, including 30 men and 30 women is to be sought. Inclusion Criteria- Aged 18 25 Individuals who are currently of the college team. Individuals who are of Indian nationality or Indian decent. Exclusion Criteria- Individuals who do not have at least one parent who is Indian and is of nationality other than Indian. Individuals who are not of the college team. Tools: A Socio-Demographic Data Sheet was formulated for the purpose of obtaining information regarding the participants gender, age, ethnicity, form of sport, year of joining university, no years of having played sport and level of competition. To assess the participants type of motivation Sport Motivation Scale (SMS 28) by Pelletier et al., (1995) will be employed. It assess individuals on the type of motivation 1) Intrinsic motivation which includes intrinsic motivation to know and understand, intrinsic motivation towards accomplishments and intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation, 2) Extrinsic motivation which includes integrated regulation, identified regulation, introjected regulation and external regulation and lastly is that of Amotivation. Pelletier et al (1995) sampled 593 university athletes and found adequate internal consistency among seven of the eight subscales, with Cronbachs alpha ranging from .74 to .80. All subscales were found to have a high positive correlation between one another, with the correlation weakening only between amotivation and intrinsic motivation, which makes theoretical sense. This reliability was also verified in another study by Kingston et al., (2006) with collegiate studen t athletes; the mean Cronbachs alpha score for the subscales was at least .80, except for the identification subscale which was below .70. In addition, the SMS has shown strong logical validity and adequate content validity (Li Harmer, 1996; Pelletier et al., 1995). To assess the level of fear of failure of the participants The Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory by David E. Conroy is to be employed. Normative data of 440 males and females may be obtained. Initial research has found the subscales to exhibit acceptable internal consistency and has provided evidence supporting the factorial and external validity of the measure (Conroy et al., 2003). Previous research has proved that both these scales are appropriate for measuring the type of motivation and fear of failure of athletes playing at the university level. Procedure Pilot phase As part of the pilot phase, the head of the sports department of colleges in Bangalore will be contacted. Further, on obtaining permission to carry out the research, team captains of the various existing individual sports will be contacted and meetings set up with their entire team for the purpose of administration of the questionnaires. Main phase The sample would be collected from sports played on an individual basis. Post setting up meetings with the team, male and female participants are to be briefed in a group regarding the nature of the research. The participants are permitted to withdraw from the research if they wished to. Those who volunteer to be a part of the study would be each given an envelope containing two copies of the consent form, a demographics questionnaire, the sports motivation scale and the fear of failure appraisal inventory. Further, they would be first asked to fill up the consent form and the demographic questionnaire. A copy of the consent form is to be given to the participants for future reference. The instructions for the two scales (SMS and The Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory) were given separately and the respondents were asked to not skip any question or to think too much before giving an answer. On the completion of the questionnaires, the participants were to enclose it in self sea led envelopes and hand it over to the researcher. Analysis of data The data will be coded using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Means and Standard deviations are to be independently calculated or male and female participants on their scores on the SMS and Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory. T-tests will be used to examine gender differences in the variables of motivation and fear of failure. Correlation analysis is to be made use of to analyze the association between the variables studied. Ethical considerations: The setting for administration was done in a comfortable arena that had good ventilation and illumination. A general outline of the study was explained to all the participants contacted for th